«Народ» в политической мысли европейского модерна: Гоббс, Спиноза, Пуфендорф

А V Marey

doi:10.5922/2225-5346-2020-3-1

Abstract

The author considers the evolution of the concept “people” in the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, Samuel Pufendorf and Benedict Spinoza. The political thought of Europe in the 17th century demonstrates a conscious turn from the medieval scholastic tradition of thinking about people and power. Politics begins to be thought of as a complex of human actions aimed at achieving certain human goals. This, in turn, leads to the rationalisation of politics and, as a consequence, to the rejection of one of the most powerful mystical and theological abstractions of the late Middle Ages — the concept “people” as a kind of mystical body. Protestant science makes a clear choice in favour of interpreting the concept as an “artificial person”. The author emphasizes that the introduction of the concept “natural state” led to changes in the ontological status of people in political theory. The concept “people” becomes “a flickering subject” that appears during the transition from a natural state to a civil one and disappears when the transition goes in the opposite direction. In a civil state, people become an active subject when they perform the function of the legislator. In other cases, people as a political subject transform into a certain multitude, consisting of separate individuals.

Highlights

Рассмотрена эволюция понятия «народ» в политической философии Томаса Гоббса, Самуила Пуфендорфа и Бенедикта Спинозы
De cive, XII.8: ...сives contra civitatem, hoc est, multitudo contra populum. Leviathan, II.17: This is more than Consent, or Concord; it is a reall Unitie of them all, in one and the same Person, made by Covenant of every man with every man, in such manner, as if every man should say to every man, “I Authorise and give up my Right of Governing my selfe, to this Man, or to this Assembly of men, on this condition, that thou give up thy Right to him, and Authorise all his Actions in like manner.”
This done, the Multitude so united in one Person, is called a COMMONWEALTH, in latine CIVITAS (здесь и далее цитаты из этого сочинения приводятся по изданию (Hobbes, 2012))

Summary

Introduction

Рассмотрена эволюция понятия «народ» в политической философии Томаса Гоббса, Самуила Пуфендорфа и Бенедикта Спинозы. В остальных же случаях можно говорить о том, что народ как политический субъект трансформируется в multitudo, состоящее из подданных.

Results

Conclusion