Этносоциальная ситуация в арктических регионах России и государственная национальная политика

The Arctic’s specific conditions require increased attention to natural and human capital. Therefore, implementing the principles of the sustainable development concept, balancing economic, social, and environmental goals is of paramount importance. Mining is at the heart of the strategy for the socio-economic development of Russia’s Arctic territories. This study’s objective is topical: to justify measures lifting the restrictions on sustainable development of AZRF (the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation) mining regions. The authors propose a method to identify AZRF regions where mining determines the socio-economic development level (Komi Republic, Nenets Autonomous District, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Yakutia, and Chukotka Autonomous District). The multi-factor regression analysis conducted confirms the hypothesis that living standards and achievement of social standards in the AZRF mining regions depend on the income and fiscal capacity levels, which makes the state more responsible for the region’s development. The authors prove the expediency of reconsidering the proportions of rental income redistributed between the budgets of the AZRF mining regions and the federal budget in favor of the former, until migration and natural population growth become positive and reach the target indicators of strategies of socio-economic development. The study’s results can be used to justify the state policy while elaborating strategies for AZRF development.

The authors of the present work studied the socio-economic and technological development of the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The object of analysis is the process of modernization, acting as a mechanism for the transition from traditional to modern society. Theoretical and methodological basis for the consideration of the modernization process is the concept and methodology of Chinese researcher He Chuanqi (China Center for Modernization Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences). Modernization is considered in its historical perspective. It is presented as a series of primary and secondary upgrading or modernizing integrated as an alternative for the countries and regions of the catching-up development. The authors demonstrated the strengths and weaknesses of the socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Arctic zone. It is shown that the processes of modernization lags behind the national average rates in the Arctic regions. Their characteristic is the superiority of the social component on the other, as in Russia on average. The authors studied the basic contradiction of the moment. Its essence lies in the fact that the regions of Russia, most successfully developing in socio-economic and socio-cultural spaces at the same time are not those in the space of modernization changes. The authors carried out a detailed comparative analysis of the processes of modernization in the Murmansk region, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, the Nenets Autonomous District, the Arkhangelsk region in the Russian and global contexts. The state program of development of the Russian Arctic, currently being implemented, had an impact on the dynamics of development, but the qualitative transition to a different development path has not happened yet. The paper shows a deadlock on energy resources and development options. The slow pace of modernization contribute to widening the gap with developed countries. Regions remain in the paradigm of resource economics. It does not allow them to implement the transition to a new, innovative type of development. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s4p264

The article is devoted the agricultural sector role in the socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Nowadays the agricultural sector is the one of the main parts of public authorities’ policy. The scope of the study is the regions fully or partially attributed to the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation according to the Presidential Decree. The results of the study show the significantly lower contribution of the agricultural sector to the socio-economic development of the Arctic regions for all indicators considered than the average level in Russia. An exception is the indicator “The turnover of agricultural enterprise in the total regional turnover”, the high value of which is achieved only thanks to the Murmansk region. Agriculture and forestry, hunting, fishing and fish farming sector play the important role of in the development of the local economy of the following old-developed regions: the Murmansk region, the Arkhangelsk region, as well as the Republic of Karelia, and the outsider the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Fixed assets of agricultural enterprises have a high degree of equipment depreciation in the Arctic regions of the Russian Federation and should be repaired. The share of food and agricultural products in the value of imports in the Arctic zone is less than the national average. The results obtained can be applied in the development and updating the strategic documents in the agricultural sector to increase its significance in the socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.

The study conducted the impact of innovative activity on the economic development of the Russian Arctic. The methodology of the study envisaged the ranking of four regions that are fully included in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation by indicator «Innovative products production as a percentage of the total volume of products shipped ». The analysis of innovative activities level of the Russian Arctic in comparison with the average indicators of the country was carried out. It is shown that the Murmansk region is characterized by the highest volume of innovative products produced respectively, the Nenets Autonomous District - by the lowest. The direct impact of the production and sale of innovative products on economic indicators primarily due to an increase in gross regional product (GRP), fixed assets and the number of employed people is shown. In this case the Murmansk region having a high level of innovative activities showed an excess of the values of the Nenets Autonomous District by twelve of the nineteen indicators. In addition by GRP, fixed capital investments, fixed assets wear level and average monetary incomes per capita the Murmansk region showed an excess of average Russian values. It should be noted that the Nenets Autonomous District which produces the smallest amount of innovative products is ahead of the Murmansk region by GRP and investments in fixed assets mainly due to the exploitation of oil and gas resources. Performed correlation analysis confirmed the influence of innovative activities on the economic development of the Arctic. High correlation of the innovative products volume with significant economic indicators is shown.The study confirmed the hypothesis of the influence of innovative activities on the economic indicators of the Arctic regions.

The article examines the employment prospects in the Arctic from the perspective of university students in the Arctic. Russian students are a crucial resource of human and intellectual capital for Russia. However, there is a noticeable outflow of young people from the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Why is the youth leaving the Arctic? What can be done to ensure that university graduates stay to live and work in the Arctic? Objective: to study the opinions of youth students on the prospects of employment in the Arctic. Tasks: to review literature on the topic, analyze the objective situation in the labor market in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, and analyze students' professional expectations and plans. Subject of research: the opinions of student youth on employment prospects in the Arctic. Hypothesis: Life aspirations and value orientations are among the key factors shaping the employment and career plans of university students in the Arctic. The empirical base of the research consists of the analysis of a comparative questionnaire survey "Living the Arctic," conducted in 2017-2019 (N-441) and in 2024 (N-441) among students of the North-Eastern Federal University (Yakutsk), the Northern (Arctic) Federal University (Arkhangelsk), and the Murmansk Arctic University (Murmansk). Scientific novelty: for the first time, the opinions of student youth on employment prospects in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation have been studied. Monitoring established that the percentage of students in the Murmansk region who intend to stay in the Arctic increased by 15%, and by 7% in the Arkhangelsk region, as "there are conditions for a career in their specialty." The hypothesis was confirmed: employment prospects in the Arctic are determining factors in shaping students' life orientations and values. The main problem in the employment of university graduates is not the lack of job vacancies but the specific nature of offers from enterprises. Professional aspirations and personal realization are among the key value orientations and life goals of youth, so it is necessary to improve the interaction between professional educational organizations and the labor market in Arctic regions.

Seven subjects of the Arkhangelsk Region, and also the Northern Administrative District and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District are part of the AZRF, where climatic and ecological conditions are characterized as extreme (the industry of the Central Industrial Complex, the military industrial complex, the cosmodrome, and the Neftegazprom). Part of the territory of the Arkhangelsk region and the NAO are adjacent to the nuclear test zone (NPS) at the Northern Test site from 1955 to 1990. Nuclear weapons have never been produced in Western Siberia (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District). The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of information about the immune status of young northern women who were born and permanently reside in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The aim. T o identify the ratio of peripheral blood leukocyte levels in young women from different northern regions. Materials and methods. Sixty two women were examined: 47 people from the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Arkhangelsk Region (22–35 years old) and 15 people aged 22–40 years (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug). Leukocytes, NLR, CD8 + , and CD16 + cells w ere determined . An indirect immunoperoxidase reaction with monoclonal antibodies was used. Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS 20.0 for Windows were used. Results. Residents of the adjacent area had elevated concentrations of monocytes (20.0; 12.5; 43.7 %), eosinophils (20.0; 25.0; 12.5 %), CD8 + lymphocytes (73.3; 31.2; 75.0%), and CD16 + lymphocytes (33.3; 62.5; 43.7 %). Deficiency of the total number of lymphocytes was 2.5 times more common than lymphocytosis: 20.0, 43.7, 12.5 %. Increased concentrations of monocytes 46.7 %, eosinophils 26.7 %, neutrophils 20.0 %, leukocytes %, CD8 + (80.0 %) and CD16 + (66.7 %) lymphocytes were recorded in residents of the non-adjacent zone. Conclusion. The r atio of lymphocyte subpopulations in young women living in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is characterized by a high concentration of monocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes (CD8 + , CD16 + ) against the background of a pronounced deficiency of the total lymphocyte population.

The economic development of the off-shore territories of the Arctic zone is characterized by certain advantages and risks associated with the geographical location. Territorial formations of the ASRF have unequal economic structure and different levels of economic development, harsh climatic conditions, preferential economic and legal regime, etc. Territories develop unevenly: some territories have steady economic growth, others are characterized by processes of stagnation, still others are characterized by degradation and devastation. The object of the research is the coastal territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, and the subject is the process of their economic development. The aim is to study the process of development of coastal cities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, on the example of the Karelian Arctic and the Arkhangelsk region. The study is based on the use of hardware for comparative analysis and assessment of indicators of coastal territories' development. The novelty of the study is the use of the rank method and the calculation of σ-variance coefficient, which allow to determine the presence of regional heterogeneity in its dynamics in the context of coastal cities of the ASRF, on the example of the Karelian Arctic and the Arkhangelsk region. The results determined the presence of a gap between the urban settlements under consideration. The assessment of the inequality of some indicators demonstrates the trend of coastal cities to convergence, other indicators in the context of coastal cities steadily diverge. Large urban settlements break away from other cities of the European North. Small urban settlements of coastal location - Kem, Kandalaksha, Belomorsk - are characterized by a low level of development. The findings may serve as the basis to form the strategic and program documents, and can be also used as additional material, while analyzing the coastal cities of the AZRF and the dynamics of their development.

Living in adverse climatic and geographical conditions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation requires mobilization of the adaptive mechanisms of the central nervous system in humans. The parameters of the event-related potential P300 serve as indicators of brain bioelectric processes associated with the mechanisms of information perception and processing. This study aimed to establish the parameters of the event-related potential P300 in 16–17-year-old schoolchildren living in different regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation based on a comparative analysis. The auditory event-related potential P300 was evaluated in subjects living in the Nenets Autonomus Okrug (NAO), Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YNAO) and the Arkhangelsk Region (AR). P300 latency and amplitude were recorded by the Encephalan-131-03 electroencephalograph (Medicom MTD, Russia) in the frontal (F3, F4), central (C4, C3), parietal (P3, P4), mid-temporal (T3, T4), and anterior temporal (F7, F8) areas of the brain using the oddball method. In schoolchildren living in AR and YNAO, the amplitude-latency parameters of P300 did not differ significantly. Subjects living in NAO, the majority of whom are representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North (the Nenets), had a longer P300 latency than their peers from other regions. Р300 amplitudes in schoolchildren from all the regions under study were statistically identical. The author comes to the conclusion that longer information processing time, according to the P300 data, reflects the adaptive psychophysiological characteristics of the population with a long historical experience of living in the North.

The article discusses the features of the formation and functioning of human capital based on the materials of sociological studies conducted by the authors in small towns of the Russian Arctic. Traditional sociological tools were used: mass surveys, focus groups, an in-depth survey of experts according to the developed author’s methods. As an opposition to the development of Arctic small towns, shift camps are considered, the functioning of which is currently complicated due to the pandemic and sanctions. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the situation associated with the formation of human capital in the aggregate of its three components (health capital, edu-cational and professional capital, cultural capital) in three regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (RF AZ): its European sector (the study was conducted in the Arkhangelsk region), West Siberian (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) and East Siberian (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug). Judging by experts’ assessments, the least favorable situation for the preservation and enhancement of human capital is developing in the territories of the European sector of the RF AZ, the most favorable situation is in Yamal.

Large-scale transformation processes in the territory of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF), which the authors identify as Arctic “redevelopment,” are analyzed. These processes combine the use of the huge “Soviet legacy” and the creation of principally new economic, social, and infrastructural facilities. It is proved that redevelopment is the main content of transformation processes in the entire Russian territory and that the AZRF can serve as their most adequate pattern at the level of the country, as well as its regions and municipalities. The genesis and essence of Arctic problems are shown to systemically depend on the realities of transformation processes under way in the entire country due to the policies and reforms of recent decades. It is substantiated that the success of Arctic redevelopment will decisively depend on the early revision of the basic provisions of the current nationwide industrial, energy, transport, demographic, ethnic, educational, and personnel policies. The concept of a macroregion as a target object of state control, formed to implement specific state interests, is used to prove the advisability of detaching the AZRF as an independent object of state policy. Paradoxes of the demographic situation in the AZRF are considered, and directions for organizing Arctic health care are justified in terms of (a) the specifics of urbanized and rural territories in the western and eastern (Transural) parts of the AZRF and (b) the specific needs for medical services among miners, metallurgists, military personnel, sailors, rotational employees, and representatives of indigenous ethnic minorities of the North. Specific interrelations between the state and large corporations in the Arctic, including those aimed at mitigating climate risks during development, are revealed, and the state regulations concerning greenhouse gas emissions, proposed by the Russian Ministry of Economic Development, are assessed critically in this respect. In conclusion, the consistency of recent changes in managing AZRF development by a special federal body for Arctic affairs is substantiated.

Analyzing accessibility improvement factors for multimodal transportation in the Arctic

Due to the development of the arms industry in Russia and the filling of various types of non-lethal kinetic weapons (NLW), also referred to as traumatic or kinetic weapons, the beginning of the XXI century is characterized by an intensive accumulation on the hands of the population in the Russian Federation (RF) of a significant number of its weapons. Thus, if in 2008 about 4.4 thousand crimes were committed with the use of traumatic weapons, then by 2012 the population of the Russian Federation had from 1.5 to 3.5 million samples of NLW in their hands. In 2015 alone, more than 1 million permits for possession of NLW were issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The Nenets Autonomous District, which is part of the Arkhangelsk region, being along with other territories of the region, part of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, is among the leaders in the Russian Federation by the rate of increase in the number of registered crimes related to the illegal circulation of these weapons (+90.9 %). The combination of such factors as the presence of a significant number of firearms in the hands of the population, a high proportion of their illegal circulation and, as a consequence, the unjustified use of firearms in public places prompted us to study this problem from the side of the influence of anthropogenic (human) factor on human health.Purpose of the study. To study the influence of anthropogenic factor on the effects of NLW. Out of 248 victims, 235 (94.8 %) males and 13 (5.2 %) females were identified. The mean age was (31.8 years) and ranged from 16 to 64 years. The largest age category of 30–39 years was 100 (40.3 %) people, and the highest number of victims in the Arctic territory of the Arkhangelsk region was in 2011–2015. The subsequent decrease in the number of injuries is probably due to the adoption of a number of regulations tightening the turnover (FZ- № 398 of 28.12.2010 "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts", the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia from 07.06.2022 № 403). A significant part of the victims — 80 (32.3 %) were admitted to hospital emergency rooms in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication. As a result of the use of firearms, 3 victims (1.2 %) suffered disability and permanent disability. On the territory of the Arctic zone of the Arkhangelsk Region NLW were mostly used not for self-defense, but for hooligan motives 134 (98.5 %) cases out of 136 accurately determined.

t. Theoretical approaches to the sustainable development of cities and towns in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation are considered. As such approaches, the concept of a «green» smart city, the concept of thermal stress in an Arctic city, the concept of a «winter city», the concept of an Arctic base city, the concept of developing coastal Arctic settlements based on the principles of the blue economy (the economy of marine nature management and coastal zones), the concept of ensuring the vital activity of Arctic cities, etc. are analyzed. In addition, the contribution of Arctic cities to environmental pollution and climate change, socio-economic and demographic development of the Arctic zone is analyzed. The development of Arctic cities, especially single-industry towns and settlements is considered in the context of the Republic of Karelia, the Murmansk, Arkhangelsk Regions, the Komi Republic, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The main directions of sustainable development of Arctic cities and towns are substantiated from the point of view of achieving the target indicators of the “Strategy for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and ensuring national security for the period up to 2035”.

Discussed is upon the issue of state management of the socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The special role of the Arctic territories in the economic development of our country is noted. The need is indicated to look at the problems of the Russian Arctic from the other side — from the side of human potential, which is one of the driving forces of the economy. The authors present some of the results of a sociological study conducted by them in the Arctic territories of Russia (in particular, in the Arkhangelsk region). The study is devoted to the intergenerational differentiation of value orientations. Its methodological basis, among others, was formed by the scientific views of R. Inglehart and K. Welzel, who believe that the condition that precedes socio-political and economic modernization is the transformation of the value orientations of the majority of the population. The value system, according to scientists, is quite stable within the life of one generation, and therefore, it makes sense to track changes based on the differences between generations. On the basis of the Theory of Generations, a toolkit was developed that makes it possible to identify the parameters of the value system of residents of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) belonging to different generations. The main method for collecting empirical data was a semi-structured in-depth interview with representatives of the selected generations.

Background: The necessity of close supervision of school nutrition by the Arkhangelsk Regional Office of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) is well justified by high local diet-related disease rates generally exceeding the national averages. Such supervisory measures can be successfully supported by parental control over school meals. Objectives: Comprehensive assessment of the organization of hot meals for schoolchildren in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (on the example of the Arkhangelsk region) as part of the implementation by Rospotrebnadzor of measures under the federal project “Strengthening public Health”. Methods: We applied hygienic, sociological, and statistical methods of research; prepared meals were tested for quality and safety using instrumental methods of chemical and microbiological analyses. Parental control and monitoring of school feeding within the framework of the National Demography Project were carried out in compliance with ethical standards. Results: Laboratory test results showed a five-year decrease in the proportion of prepared meal samples with poor microbiological parameters from 4.0 % to 1.4 % and of those with lower calorie content – from 2.6 % to 1.9 %. The coverage of first to fourthyear schoolchildren with hot school meals increased by 8.5 % and reached 99.5 %, while in fifth to eleventh graders it decreased by 9.2 % to 73.6 %. We revealed that only few pupils had two school meals a day. Rospotrebnadzor officials encouraged and promoted parental control over the quality of school nutrition and instructed parents and students on principles of healthy eating. Conclusions: The control and supervisory measures carried out indicate a positive dynamics of results in terms of quality and safety of school meals. At the same time, the shortcomings in the organization of nutrition (low coverage of students with two meals a day, reduced coverage of hot meals for older age groups) identified during parental control measures indicate the need for monitoring and rapid response measures to improve the organization of hot meals for schoolchildren in order to prevent diseases caused by the nutritional factor.