НАУЧНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ КАК ФАКТОР УСКОРЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РОСТА В РОССИИ

The article presents a detailed review of the collective monograph "On the Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development of Russia", including reports by the leaders of the team of authors and speeches by participants in the discussion of the book. Part of the monograph is devoted to the analysis of global trends in scientific, technological and innovative development, private financing of research and development, digitalization of the economy and public life. The monograph analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the Russian scientific and technological complex and assesses its place in the world. The review emphasizes that the authors of the monograph critically assess the state of the Russian scientific and technological complex, consider it working for external systems and justify the need to abandon the existing scientific and technological policy in favor of a nationally oriented one. The monograph proposes measures to change all components of the management system in the scientific and technological sphere, which requires the development of a Strategy for the technological modernization of the Russian economy based on new principles, taking into account various factors, the reconstruction of a management body similar to the State Committee for Science and Technology, and the reformatting of the now "open" innovation system. The authors of the monograph propose a solution to the problem of scientific and technological forecasting, using domestic and international foresight experience. The approaches and solutions proposed in the monograph were fundamentally supported by the participants in the discussion of the monograph, since they express the deepest sentiments of the predominant part of the Russian scientific community and, undoubtedly, deserve the most careful further critical discussion and constructive study.

The article analyzes the limitations of scientific and technological development in Russia, arising under the sanctions pressure of Western countries. Particular attention is focused on the challenges that are created by the introduced technological restrictions in the research and development, scientific and technical cooperation, access to sources of scientific information, which create obstacles both for solving the problems of import substitution and for developing science at a competitive level. In this regard, the need for technological mobilization in Russia and the development of an appropriate scientific and technological policy are substantiated. A system of measures has been proposed to counteract sanctions pressure and build a further vector of development in the scientific and technological sphere and link it with the development of the real sector of the economy.

The subject of the research is the mechanism of legal regulation of the processes for the implementation of national programs in the field of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation. The work analyzes the theoretical and legal foundations of this institution; it examines the targeted directions for the development of legal regulation specified in the National Projects and other documents regulating the achievement of national development goals; it analyzes the current state and compliance of existing legal mechanisms with established priorities; it identifies shortcomings and conflicts in the regulation of scientific and technological development; it proposes measures to improve its normative regulation and organizational-legal forms for the practical implementation of the provisions of strategic planning documents. Special attention is given to the fact that the documents containing the fundamental principles of state policy in this area pay insufficient attention to legal regulation, primarily stating goals and tasks, as well as planned outcomes to be achieved. It is justified that it is necessary to supplement and expand the regulation of technological development directions both with newly adopted normative legal acts and by amending existing ones. To conduct the research, a methodology was used that included an analytical review of strategic planning documents, the normative legal framework, drafts of normative legal acts, and scientific literature on the subject of research, as well as the generalization and systematization of data and the formation of proposals to resolve the identified problems. The results of the research showed the inadequacy of the existing legal framework for the effective implementation of measures to achieve scientific and technological development. Thus, the main criteria and a list of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the activities of federal executive authorities for achieving prioritized directions of scientific and technological development have not been established. The legal norms that define specific steps for the implementation of the main directions of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation at the current stage of the implementation of National Projects are still in the formation stage, which corresponds to the criteria outlined in the foundational documents. The novelty of the research lies in the identification and justification of the potential of the legal regulation mechanism in the field of scientific and technological development. Specific ways to improve legal regulation for each of the seven directions of scientific and technological development are proposed. In particular, changes to Federal Law No. 127-FZ "On Science and State Scientific and Technological Policy" and recommendations for the creation of a technological code are suggested.

Based on the analysis of the main documents of strategic planning of scientific and technological development of Russia in relation to the implementation of regional scientific and technical policy, the article considers the basic principles, including the principle of balanced accounting of horizontal and vertical links and the principle of hierarchical management, the systematic adherence to which allows us to talk about a methodological approach to ensuring the balance of spatial scientific and technological development of Russia. It is shown that an important characteristic of the balance of spatial scientific and technological development of Russia is the interdependence between the level of socio-economic regional development and the level of scientific and technological municipal development.

The article analyzes the provisions of the new Scientific and Technological Development Strategy of the Russian Federation. Attention is drawn to the reasons for changing the course of the state science and technology policy. It outlines the essence of the goals, priorities and prospects of scientific and technological development of Russia and gives an assessment of the key directions of state policy in the field of scientific and technological development, as well as mechanisms and tools for their implementation. Using analytical and formal legal methods, we consider the practice of regulating the issues related to organizing the directions of strategic scientific and technological development in Russia and reveal the systemic connections in law as well features of legal acts in the sphere of Russian public relations. The author believes that thoughtful and balanced government decisions in the development of an innovative economy might play a positive role in ensuring the national security of Russia and stabilizing the sociopolitical system of the country. In turn, the dominant ideas outlined in the Strategy are a part of the mechanism for countering existential threats towards contemporary Russia and ensure its national sovereignty in the long term.

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological foundations for “The Long-Term Forecast of Scientific and Technological (S&T) Development in Russia until 2030” and argues that its authors have failed to fully conceptualize the modern global economy (thereby misrepresenting Russia’s long-term development interests and characteristic challenges), which casts doubt on the methodological foundation for the project. The S&T Forecast’s orientation toward the tactical (economic) goals of scientific–technical activity reduces its value as a strategic planning tool. A more consistent application of the systematic approach to scientific–technological development as an integrated national economic complex would significantly improve the S&T Forecast.

The article discusses the most important systemic measures to reform Russian science. It is noted that in the foreseeable future, scientific and technological development should serve in Russia the main long-term and publicly declared national interest - saving the people of Russia, developing human potential, improving the quality of life and welfare of citizens. The solution of this problem is inextricably linked with the reliance on the leading role of the state in the organization of the scientific and technological sphere. The first step on the path of systemic reforms is to replace the currently fragmented model of science management withcentralized management of the scientific and technological sphere through the creation of the State Corporation “Rosnauka” by federal law. Such a state corporation, endowed with the rights of a single chief manager of budgetary funds for fundamental and exploratory research, could become a launching pad for a breakthrough scientific and technological development of Russia. The second step is the preparation of a new Federal Law on Scientific, Scientific, Technical and Innovative Activity, which, in addition to updating the principles and mechanisms of management of domestic science, would clearly define the criteria for “scientific” in the activities of legal entities and individuals, and most importantly - “scientific” results obtained for budgetary and other means.

Aim. To examine the legal problems of the local self-government authorities participation in the research and technological development of Russia and the implementation of the state research and technical policy. Methodology. The Strategy of research and technological development of the Russian Federation and the provisions of federal laws defining the competence of local self-government bodies in the field of science and research and technical policy, including the role of municipal authorities in the formation and operation of scientific and production and innovation clusters are analyzed. Foreign experience of the local authorities’ participation in clusters functioning is studied. Results. The analysis has shown that the legal regulation in Russia excludes municipal authorities from the sphere of relations related to the scientific and technological development of Russia and the implementation of the state scientific and technical policy. There are 3 areas in which a significant role should belong to local communities and local authorities. Research implications. Proposals are formulated to improve the regulatory framework aimed at involving local governments into the implementation of the priorities of the Russian state in the field of scientific and technological development.

The upcoming stage of scientific and technological development of Russia will make significant adjustments to the scientific and technological policy (STP), associated with a sharp break in international cooperation and restrictions on the supply of new technologies, equipment and goods to the country. Under such conditions, the principles and methods for the formation and implementation of the STP must undergo fundamental changes, up to its radical transformation. There is a need for a serious reassessment of the entire complex ofSTP management, along with the formation of a new system of STP priorities. It is expedient to form a system of such priorities both from below – from the side of the scientific community, and from above – from the side of government bodies. The STP funding system should also undergo significant changes: it is expedient to keep project funding, but budgetary scientific funds should have their own strategy and performance indicators, based on which the next year’s budget will be formed. It is equally important to provide appropriate information support for the revision of the STP, including a serious revision of the list of paper and electronic journals included in the VAK, with the exclusion of all publications with paid publication fromit. It is expedient to develop international cooperation only on an equal basis with potentially promising and politically adequate partners.

Rather than regarding risk governance as a burden, science should embrace it as an opportunity to build public trust

Engaging with Science Policy as a Grad Student

This paper examines the features of strategic documents in the fi eld of scientific and technological development in Russia and the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The methodology of the research included a comparative and logical-linguistic analysis of the texts of strategies and state programs for scientific and technological development of 38 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Three types of issues found in the documents were identified: core issues, which are on the agenda of each state, variant issues, characteristic of strategic documents of several countries, and specifi c issues, characteristic of one country. The paper aims to identify the constants in states’ approaches to supporting science and technology, which together allow us to adequately evaluate global trends in this area, and to identify groups of variant and specific measures. Variative measures will indicate different stages of scientific and technological development of the countries. The presence of specifi c topics will be determined by specific economic, geographic and foreign policy factors. The hypothesis is that the application of this author’s methodology will make it possible to identify global measures to support science and technology as a certain consensus of public policy on a global scale. Identifi cation of core, variant and specifi c issues will give an opportunity to reasonably assess the potential of the country’s S&T policy and formulate recommendations for its improvement. The authors formulate proposals for improving the Strategy for Scientifi c and Technological Development of Russia for the period up to 2035 and the state program ‘Scientifi c and Technological Development of the Russian Federation’ for the period up to 2030. The results of the study can be used to improve strategic documents in the fi eld of scientifi c and technological development in Russia in order to increase the competitiveness of the domestic national innovation system.

The article deals with scientific and methodological substantiation and description of the competency model of a modern leader and manager in scientific and technological sphere. This model has been developed by the authors on the initiative of the Coordinating Council for Youth Affairs in Scientific and Educational Spheres of the Presidential Council for Science and Education in the framework of the managers’ contest “Leaders of Russia” (specialization “Science”, season 2019– 2020). The competency model is aimed at improving the efficiency of solving the problems of scientific and technological development of Russia by overcoming the lack of personnel which is ready not only to conduct research at the world level, but also to take responsibility for the formation of priorities for scientific and technological development that meet the interests of Russia, as well as for their implementation. The proposed model is the first of its kind developed and tested system of competencies for improving leadership and management potential of Russian science.

The paper analyzes the experience of organizations that have the right to independently award academic degrees as to the issues of regulating the types of dissertation councils. The author provides examples of organizations that regulate the functioning of councils for the defense of individual dissertations for scientific degrees. The characteristic features of «one-time» dissertation councils are highlighted. The positive and negative aspects of the introduction of a «one-time» type of dissertation council into the state system of scientific certification are considered. The author proposes possible options for the normative fixing of individual mechanisms as to the functioning of the «one-time» type of dissertation council, as well as measures of responsibility for conducting an unfair dissertation defense. It is concluded that the integration of this type of dissertation council into the system of scientific certification will contribute to the achievement of the goal of the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation. This will also make it possible to solve a number of tasks facing the state amid great challenges, such as ensuring the formation of Russia’s leadership in scientific and technological sphere and overcoming the concentration of research potential in certain regions of the country.

В статье рассмотрено современное состояние основных форм и механизмов взаимодействия организаций в научно-технологическом развитии в России и выделены их перспективные направления развития. Проанализирован зарубежный опыт взаимодействия организаций в научнотехнологической сфере, исследованы основные формы реализации механизма по их взаимодействию. Выявлены проблемы во взаимодействии организаций в научно-технологическом развитии в России, и сформулированы возможные пути их решения. The article reviews the Russian current state of main forms and mechanisms of organizations interaction in scientific and technological development and highlights their promising areas of development. Analyzes the foreign experience of organizations interaction in scientific and technological sphere and investigates the main forms of implementation of the mechanism for their interaction. Dedicated problems in the organization’s interaction in scientific and technological development in Russia, and proposed possible their solutions.