Ветровая эрозия почв в агроландшафтах на юго-востоке Томской области

Abstract

Eolian processes associated with the destruction, transportation and deposition of sedimentary rock by wind develop in arid natural zones, as well as on agricultural lands. The general conditions for their development are completely absent or sparse vegetation cover, the presence of dispersed rocks and strong winds. Aeolian processes are most developed in deserts and semi-deserts, where many researchers have studied them. In the forest zone of the West Siberian Plain, these processes have been poorly studied. Researchers classify the taiga and subtaiga in the Ob and Irtysh basins either as non-deflationary or as a zone of accumulation of aeolian material. Deforestation, plowing of land, construction of various communications contribute to the development of eolian processes. Our long-term observations of eolian processes in the southeast of the subtaiga zone of the West Siberian Plain have shown that wind erosion is observed here and has focal development. The wind of the study area is characterized by gustiness, the wind speed in gusts reaches up to 20 m/s. Strong winds with a maximum speed of 25–27 m/s occur in all seasons of the year. Such winds are the most dangerous in relation to the development of wind erosion of soils on flat farmlands without forest and shrub plantations. Based on the use of natural accumulator - snow cover and atmospheric dust traps, the intensity of accumulation of eolian sediment in the snow mass and on its surface was revealed. The studies were conducted during the spring thaw for the period from 1989 to 2023. The intensity of development of wind erosion also depends on the state of the agricultural background. It has been established that up to 1000 g/m2 of eolian sediment accumulates in the plowing in the thickness of the snow on arable land, and up to 50 g/m2 in the stubble, shoots of winter, perennial grasses. During the spring melting of snow, up to 300–360 g/m2 of eolian sediment accumulates on its surface over fallow and up to 50 g/m2 over stubble and grasses. In the cedar forest, bordering on agricultural landscapes, no more than 25 g/m2 is accumulated during the specified period. The processes of blowing and accumulation of soils in agricultural landscapes are characterized by uneven development, but they contribute to the migration of matter. Dust particles are deposited in forest belts separating agricultural land. Due to this, the content of humus in the soils of forest belts is higher than on arable land and reaches up to 10 %.