Abstract
This study aimed to calculate the School Happiness Index using a value-added model and analyze characteristics of happy schools. The value-added School Happiness Index was calculated after controlling for background characteristics and pre-happiness scores, which reflected changes in students' happiness scores compared to schools with similar backgrounds. KCYPS 2018 data was used, and a three-level multilevel growth model and school-level path analysis were applied to estimate the value-added School Happiness Index and examine related middle school characteristics. The findings revealed that peer relationships and academic enthusiasm in schools were identified as crucial school characteristics for promoting school happiness. The results of this study can contribute to increasing educational interest in student happiness in schools and serve as empirical evidence for promoting happy schools.
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