РЕІНДУСТРІАЛІЗАЦІЯ ПРОМИСЛОВОГО СЕКТОРУ ЕКОНОМІКИ КРАЇН-ЧЛЕНІВ ЄВРОСОЮЗУ: ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the economic development of local entrepreneurship in the conditions of institutional transformations. The article notes that local entrepreneurship is an important component of mobilizing institutional factors of recovery and progressive local economic development. At the same time, a necessary con- dition for the successful economic development of entrepreneurship is a favorable institutional environment, which should form appropriate rules (norms) designed to regulate the course of social processes at the local level. The article examines the theoretical foundations of the formation and functioning of the institutional environment for the economic development of entrepreneurship. In particular, it is noted that the institutional environment forms a set of institutional (a set of institutions) and institutional (personnel, financial and credit, information, material and technical) support, as well as a set of normative and legal acts. The article emphasizes that the main subjects that form the institutional environment of the economic development of entrepreneurship are the state authorities and local self-government bodies, which are authorized by society to exercise power functions. The main dynamic indicators characterizing the trends in the development of entrepreneurial activity in the relevant territory (on the example of the Poltava region) are highlighted separately. The article substantiates that in the context of institutional tools for ensuring the economic development of local entrepreneurship, industrial parks, co-working spaces and business incubators are of particular importance. The scientific work contains a generalization of the theoretical foundations of the creation and functioning of industrial parks in Ukraine, defines the main strategic goals of the development of industrial parks in accordance with the Strategy for the Development of Industrial Parks of Ukraine for 2023-2030. The article states that the prospect of strengthening cooperation between local business and local self-government bodies should be: establishment of system communication, implementation of business promotion tools, activation of work on attraction of internal and external investments, systematic information on investment opportunities, etc.

At present, the industrial park as an effective mechanism for the implementation of the regional economy needs transformational transformations and modernization changes in industrial production, which will help increase the competitiveness and sustainable development of local communities. The purpose of this study is to develop proposals for institutional support for the formation and operation of industrial parks at the level of integrated territorial communities in a decentralized and smart specialization, taking into account existing international practice. To achieve this goal, methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, system approach, systematization, structural and logical generalization were used. The article studies and summarizes the international experience of creation and development of industrial parks. The tax and customs privileges provided to industrial parks in different countries of the world are defined. The legal aspects of creation and functioning of industrial parks in Ukraine are analyzed. The main barriers that hinder the formation and localization of industrial parks at the level of united territorial communities have been identified. The structural and logical scheme of the concept of creation and functioning of industrial parks in Ukraine is constructed. Regional development strategies for 2021-2027 are considered. Based on the analysis, it is established that in a significant number of strategic documents the priority areas include accelerating the achievement of competitiveness and innovation of the region’s economy on the basis of smart specialization. Regional strategies do not address the creation of appropriate conditions for the formation of the institutional environment for the development of industrial parks. Therefore, it is advisable to make changes and additions to the Strategies of regional development until 2027, the content of which is to include a set of measures to intensify the development of industrial production and the formation of a network of industrial parks. An analysis of the financing of industrial parks in Ukraine has been performed. Proposals are provided, the implementation of which will improve the institutional and investment-financial support for the creation and development of industrial parks at the level of territorial communities.

The article summarizes the world's experience in the development of industrial parks and highlights the benefits of their operation for the economy of Ukraine. It is established that the industrial park unites various enterprises of different spheres of activity for the production of innovative, ecologically pure, highly profitable, competitive production both in the domestic and in the world market. The experience of Great Britain, Germany, Turkey, the USA, China and other countries in the devel-opment of industrial parks has been studied.Today in different countries there are different institutional benefits for the func-tioning of industrial parks, most often the motivator for the creation of industrial parks are tax benefits, including benefits for corporate income tax; exemption from import duties on equipment and facilities for the operation of enterprises within the industrial park; exemption from the real estate tax, land tax or land lease tax, payment of local taxes and fees; reduction of utility tariffs. The latest changes in the development of industrial parks in the Tax and Customs Code in the direction of ex-emption from value added tax are analyzed; income tax exemption; empowering local authorities to set preferential rates for real estate tax and land fees. Enterprises that unite within the industrial park have such advantages as receiving a set of ser-vices for the organizational and legal regulation of activities through the transfer of some functions to the management com-pany of the industrial park; expanding access to resources, including financial resources; cost reduction through sharing infrastructure; expanding opportunities to enter international markets; obsession with scientific, technical and innovative activities; institutional consolidation of certain preferential operating conditions.

Aim. One of the important problems in the development of the food industry in Ukraine is the infl uence of globalization processes, accompanied by cyclical development of the economy. The cycles are manifested in periodic ups and downs of the business climate, taking into account the infl uence of various factors (climate change, risks in agricultural production, legislative changes, etc.), i.e. when the economy seeks to fi nd equilibrium. Therefore, the identifi cation of fl uctuations in economic activity and, accordingly, changes in market conditions that arise as a reaction to the action of well-defi ned, predictable factors of the market environment are relevant and necessary. The purpose of the article is to reveal the infl uence of globalization processes and economic cyclicality on the innovative development of the food industry in Ukraine, to identify the phases of business cycles, to determine the criteria for the effective functioning of individual food industry sectors during periods of crisis and depression in order to develop effective tools for leveling and smoothing their consequences at different levels of management. Methods. Based on the application of classical and modern methods for assessing economic cycles, we developed a methodological approach to justifying the phases of the business cycle and identifying the development specifi cities of individual sectors of the food industry of Ukraine (meat processing, milk processing, baking, sugar production) in these phases. In the authors’ algorithm, at the appropriate stages of the study, the following methods were applied: factor analysis  to calculate the indicator of the business climate; smoothing time series  to identify individual phases of the business cycle; average values of growth rates  to summarize the characteristics of the phases of the business cycle and identify the characteristics of the development of food industry sectors of Ukraine in these phases. The primary data for the calculations were the data of global and national statistics. Results. It has been established that the consequences of the impact of globalization on the development of the food industry of Ukraine since the beginning of the new millennium are: changes in the industrial structure; its formation under the infl uence of an external market, where raw materials and primary processing products are most in demand; accelerated growth in consumer prices for food products, which does not correlate with real incomes of the population; expanding the monopolization of food markets; the imbalance of supply and demand, which leads to differences in the development of economic phenomena, in particular  in the innovative development of the food industry, etc. The study showed that the development of individual sectors of the food industry is affected by the cyclical development of the national economy. The periods of the business cycle phases for the Ukrainian economy (from 2002 to mid-2019) and their impact on the activity of the food industry are determined. It was established that during this period the Ukrainian economy went through 4 business cycles with fi ve major downturns and peaks in economic activity. It was revealed that a sign of its development is the presence of separate business cycles in which there is no depression phase. Conclusions. The assessment of the intensity of the development of the food industry sectors during the phases of business cycles gives grounds for the justifi cation of their slower innovative development. The main reasons for this phenomenon in the food industry are as follows: imbalance in supply and demand for goods; low purchasing power of the population; investing signifi cant amounts of fi nances in increasing production volumes, and not in innovative development, ineffi cient pricing policy. The methodological approach proposed in the article, based on the identifi ed signs of the phases of the business cycle, makes it possible to justify the problem periods of the food industry in the short term, as current problems signifi cantly affect the implementation of long-term plans. This confi rms the feasibility of applying the proposed methodological approach in further research.

The impact of the banking sector on economic structure and growth

In the present study, western districts of Uttar Pradesh were under the study area and currently in developing stage and have undertaken several policy measures to enhance the levels of the development in agriculture, social and industrial sectors. This study attempted to capture the development of districts of western Uttar Pradesh. The secondary data on a number of indicators published by Uttar Pradesh government for the year 2011–12 have been used in the study. The principal component analysis, factor analysis and techniques adopted by Narain et al. (1991) have been used. The ranking of the districts in respect of performance in agriculture, Social and Industry have been obtained in this study. The Composite Indices (C.I.) of development in respect of 18 developmental indicators in which 6 indicators were directly concerned with agricultural development and the rest of 12 indicators describe the availability of social and industrial facilities for 26 districts of western Uttar Pradesh. District Hathras (C.I.=0.81) was showed a higher level of development in Agricultural development followed by the districts Badaun (C.I.=1.14) and Bareily (C.I.=1.16) while district Sambhal (C.I.=0.88) was found to be most developed district in social sector followed by Firozabad (C.I.=1.08) and Ghaziabad (C.I.=1.09) district. G.B. Nagar (C.I.=0.57) showed a higher level of development in Industrial sector followed by Ghaziabad (C.I.=0.75) and Firozabad (C.I.=0.76) district.

The government-enterprise cooperation in high-tech industrial park is a useful exploration of the development models in the industrial parks. In the process of the construction and development of the park, how to effectively promote the government and enterprises and other organizations to work together to jointly improve the development of industrial park has become the most important issue of the development of many government-enterprise cooperation industrial parks. In this study, taking China Electronic Xi'an Industrial Park for example, it elaborates the effective implementation strategies of systematic operation of the government-enterprise cooperation in high-tech industrial parks from the perspective of how to effectively promote the industrial development of the park, which has certain reference significance to the construction and development of the government-enterprise cooperation industrial park or other parks.

В качестве одной из целей государственной политики в настоящее время закреплено приоритетное развитие регионов. В связи с тем, что в настоящее время регионы находятся в разных условиях бюджетной обеспеченности и не всегда имеется возможность выделения средств из федеральных и региональных бюджетов на реализацию программ или мероприятий, направленных на развитие промышленности, включая развитие промышленной инфраструктуры, требуются новые механизмы взаимодействия федеральных и региональных органов власти. Исследованы существующие меры поддержки создания и развития индустриальных парков как перспективного на сегодняшний день направления промышленной инфраструктуры субъектов Российской Федерации, позволяющего эффективным образом задействовать в регионах имеющиеся образовательные, научные, производственные и испытательные возможности для разработки и производства продукции различного назначения. Особое внимание в работе уделяется функциональной систематизации мер поддержки индустриальных парков. Представлены результаты оценки приоритетности реализации мер финансовой и нефинансовой поддержки индустриальных парков пилотными и остальными регионами. На основе данных анкетирования выведен средний балл по каждому из мероприятий. Отмечены наиболее востребованные и первоочередные к реализации меры поддержки индустриальных парков на федеральном и региональном уровнях с целью повышения промышленного потенциала.

Goal. The purpose of the article is the study of modern trends in the functioning of parks and recreation areas and the formation of scientific and methodological bases for the justification of the strategy for the development of park and recreation complexes in the system of sustainable development of territories. Method. The solution of the set research tasks within the framework of the goal is implemented by using a systematic approach, methods of statistical processing of information, methods of analysis and synthesis, a dialectical approach to determine the prerequisites and basis for developing a strategy for the development of park and recreation complexes in the system of sustainable development of territories. The results. According to the results of the study of modern trends in the functioning of parks and recreation areas, the thesis is substantiated that the significant destruction of natural objects as a result of active hostilities not only leads to the loss of Ukraine's natural potential and a number of negative environmental consequences, in particular, in the form of environmental pollution, but also to a decrease national well-being, which is manifested in the deterioration of the financial and economic results of the functioning of territories and cities, the living conditions and the performance of professional functions of the community located in such locations. The analysis of statistical data showed that the last decade was accompanied by the active creation of regional landscape parks and the activation of actions by the state and local communities in the field of transferring territories and urban zones to the status of those of nature conservation importance. In these conditions, park zones received a special status, which allows to ensure the renovation of natural objects and to push and develop natural objects. As a result of active hostilities, which is accompanied by the destruction of the infrastructure of cities, the reduction of the areas of nature-protected territories, the financial, economic and social results of business entities are reduced. Therefore, in the work, taking into account the objective need to develop an effective toolkit for substantiating the strategy of the development of park and recreation complexes in the system of sustainable development of territories, recommendations for choosing a strategy, decision-making criteria and algorithms for their implementation with the simultaneous achievement of positive environmental results and the growth of economic indicators of economic processes on territory As a result, the scientific and methodological principles of substantiating the strategy of development of park and recreation complexes in the system of sustainable development of territories were formed. It was noted that the proposed developments are aimed at realizing the socio-economic and ecological potential of restoration of park areas, in particular at the level of the city and territories. Prospective directions for the development of parks have been formed, which will contribute to such processes and the formation of effective economic policy in the field of organizational and economic provision of sustainable development of city parks and other recreational and landscape areas. The information basis for achieving the set goal is the official statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Donetsk Regional State Administration, the results of research in the field of development of cities, territories, parks and recreation areas, carried out by domestic and foreign scientists, official sources of information on the financial and economic results of the functioning of regional of landscape parks of Ukraine, provisions of strategies for the development of cities and regions of Ukraine, provisions of the Sustainable Development Strategy of Ukraine until 2030. Scientific novelty. Refined scientific and methodical principles for the justification of the strategy for the development of park and recreation complexes in the system of sustainable development of territories are formed taking into account the current state of natural resources of Ukraine, and in particular the Donetsk region, and the consequences of active hostilities, which are accompanied by the irreversible destruction of a significant range of natural objects, and form the basis for clarification of the main provisions of strategies for the development of cities and territories on the basis of sustainability, which will contribute to the growth of national well-being and obtaining significant socio-economic results for improving the environmental conditions of economic activity.

Based on a retrospective analysis, it has been proven that the development of industrial parks actually contributes to the creation of clusters of competitive industries and the expansion of production chains. Ultimately, this has a positive impact on the balanced economic development of regions. Therefore, in Ukraine, where the issue of economic clustering has always been a strategic development priority, experts in this field have begun to actively support the development of IPs by developing appropriate mechanisms for implementing cluster initiatives. Based on an analysis of official regulatory documents, it has been established that a significant transformation of state policy on the development of industrial parks began in 2021–2022 with the authorities' attempt to update the issue of stimulating them in terms of attracting investment in development and to increase public interest in these processes at the legislative level. The peculiarities of the development of the IP network in Ukraine in the current conditions have been identified and substantiated, including the dynamic growth of applications for their creation, an increase in the number of private parks, a concrete definition of strategic prospects, an increase in the number of predicted participants with investments in the parks being created, the emergence of real and competent management companies, the involvement of small and medium-sized businesses, a focus on the formation of eco-industrial parks, and the activation of regional authorities and local communities. The general factors that encourage the creation of industrial parks and are key motivators for the initiators of this process have been identified. It has been established that the total volume of capital investments in Ukraine as a whole in 2023 reached the 2019 level and increased significantly compared to 2022, with the largest amounts recorded in the Kyiv, Lviv, Rivne, and Vinnytsia regions, which correlates with the implementation of IP introduction programs. Based on an analysis of the correlation between the smart specializations declared in the regional development strategies and the sectoral specifics of existing successful IPs in these territories, the need to update and revise the content of these strategies has been demonstrated, and strengthening coordination in terms of interconnection and harmonization of state policy to stimulate the development of industrial parks and regional development strategies.

The article is devoted to the study of the status and prospects for the development of industrial parks in the Lviv agglomeration, as well as the analysis of foreign experience in the functioning of industrial parks in agglomerations. The relevance of measures to implement the State Strategy for Regional Development for 2021–2027 regarding the support of territories such as agglomerations is argued, this is evidenced by the institutional arrangement of the Lviv agglomeration even in times of war. It is noted that when creating a modern model of reindustrialization in Ukraine with a focus on exports and in general an innovative ecosystem of agglomerations, the creation and development of industrial parks as modern concentrators of the industrial, investment and research potential of the agglomeration will be of paramount importance. Emphasis is placed on the advantages of the functioning of industrial parks within the agglomeration, in particular through: achieving synergy for the growth of economic development of the agglomeration; direct impact on the provision of humanitarian, environmental, security and spatial organization of the agglomeration; creation of the effect of increasing returns due to the effective combination of production and infrastructure, high technologies, research and development sphere. It is proved that the industrial parks of the Lviv agglomeration today are the least developed form of the innovation ecosystem of the agglomeration, the potential of which, unlike clusters or export enterprises of the agglomeration, has not yet been used at all. It is concluded that the institutional component of the development of industrial parks in Ukraine, and in particular within the Lviv agglomeration, should become a priority in the implementation of the State regional policy and strategies for the development of individual territorial communities in the near future. After all, foreign experience proves the close interweaving of urban agglomeration and its industrial parks, whose activities in Ukraine, even with the current institutional design, open up a promising environmentally oriented direction for them.

The problem of determining the investment priorities of the national economy development has been actuated. It has been argued that the formation of institutional preferences for activation of industry investment processes should be carried out taking into account the potential ability of each sectoral group enterprises to increase the added value. The scientific and methodical approach for sub-sectors investment attractiveness assessment has been formed on the example of the Ukrainian food industry. It has been recommended to use for this substantiated set of relative performance indexes which are duplicated in aggregate statistical state surveys based on the enterprise’s financial statements. It has been formed the recommendations for the investment priorities of food industry development in Ukraine which are based on the appropriate calculations made by the TOPSIS and CRITIC methods. Methods of economic-statistical and comparative analysis were used for structural and dynamic characteristics of the Ukraine industrial enterprises activities. Given that innovation processes should also cover small and medium-sized industrial enterprises, whose resource opportunities are mostly limited, it is proposed to expand them within the framework of a strategic partnership. Graphic modeling methods have been used to visualize the process of building the business structures resource potential on the basis of their strategic partnership. The influence of the motivational environment on the value of organizational relations within the partnership has been formalized.

Introduction. The loss of consumers of Ukrainian products from the former Soviet Union harmed the economy, especially industry. Along with a significant decline in demand for its products, payments to the budget and receipt of foreign currency decreased. Privatization, especially in industry, and the development of the basics of market relations did not provide the necessary impetus for the economy. Insufficient state participation in the innovative renewal of fixed assets and in supporting demand for Ukrainian products also hindered growth. Problem Statement. The combination of market relations with state regulation of the economy, particularly for the development of Ukraine's industrial sector. Methods. The study employs methods of critical analysis, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of market mechanisms in Ukraine, systematization, and integration. The purpose is to carry out a systematic analysis of the results of the activities of enterprises over a 30-year period of their development in the conditions of market economy in Ukraine, the assessment of the support of state management bodies in the process of ensuring the efficiency of domestic economic entities in general, the comparison of the Ukrainian approach to the independence of enterprises in market conditions with the provisions of J. M. Keynes’ theory regarding the role of the state in the formation of demand for their products. Methods. The study employs methods of critical analysis, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of market mechanisms in Ukraine, systematization, and integration. Results. State assistance in the renewal of fixed assets and the transition to innovative production from 1991 to 2021 was insufficient. Following the industrial decline of 1991, recovery in Ukraine was slow as enterprises paid insufficient attention to the aging of their assets and their financial condition. Many industrial enterprises failed to take advantage of opportunities to modernize production and maintain profitability. This resulted in their losses, reduced budget payments, and the loss of global market segments The results of the analysis showed that the construction of the market economy in Ukraine did not follow Keynesian principles, which led to the aforementioned problems. Conclusions. It was the balanced involvement of the state in post-war economic restructuring that brought success to Germany, South Korea, and Vietnam. After the war, certain key enterprises in Ukraine may face a shortage of resources due to incurred losses. This problem can only be resolved with state involvement. The authors identified strategic industrial sectors whose development will accelerate structural and innovative transformations in the national economy, including metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and construction.

В статті розглянуто ініціативу розвитку індустріальних парків, зокрема в напрямку трансрегіонального співробітництва між КНР та Сінгапуром (індустріальний парк "м. Сучжоу – Сінгапур", а також КНР та Білорусією (індустріальний парк “GreatStone”). Здійснено моніторинг розвитку індустріальних парків на території Китаю (індустріальний парк "Lianyungang Xinpu", індустріальний парк в Ханчжоу) та України (КП "Індустріальний парк "Рогань", "Індустріальний парк "Свєма", а також індустріальні парки “Industrial Forpost”, "Славута", "Чексіл"). Визначено тенденції функціонування індустріальних парків, а також спільні та відмінні риси їх розвитку в КНР та в Україні. Перспективним напрямком є створення українсько-китайських індустріальних парків, тому проаналізовано особливості їх створення та функціонування, пріоритетні напрямки та ризики. Визначено особливості кластерних ініціатив, які розглянуто на прикладі України та КНР в аспекті галузевого розвитку. Розглянуто моделі формування державної кластерної політики. Проаналізовано особливості функціонування високотехнологічної і низькотехнологічної кластерної політики. В теоретико-методологічному аспекті розглянуто типологію діючих кластерів Здійснено моніторинг функціонування кластерів на території України та КНР. Визначено пріоритетні напрямки їхнього подальшого розвитку та ризики. Розглянуто досвід розробки спеціальних програм функціонування кластерів в КНР та Україні. Окрему увагу приділено питанню кооперації між Торгово-промисловою палатою (ТПП) і кластерами в КНР та в Україні. Визначено інституційно-правові засади функціонування організаційних форм інноваційної діяльності реального сектору економіки України та КНР, зокрема на прикладі індустріальних парків (у тому числі законодавчий пакет №№2554 а-д та 2555 а-д), а також кластерів. Розроблено пропозиції щодо особливостей подальшого їх створення, розвитку.

The leading feature of the modern world has been the deep structural shifts caused by radical transformations of its industrial landscape. The corresponding transformations were caused by changes in the internal structure of national industrial sectors and were based on the technologies of the "fourth industrial revolution", whose emergence gave additional impetus to the structural transformation of the world economy, intensifying competition in global markets. The Covid crisis was a catalyst for accelerating changes in the intersectoral proportions of the world economy, complicating the existing structural problems. The study shows that the key feature of the model of structural changes that occurred in Ukraine's economy after the global financial crisis was the accelerated reduction of the industrial sector, especially the loss of potential of the processing industry, its technological simplification and narrowing the variety of industries. This was accompanied by increased dominance of the tertiary sector and the growth of the primary sector. Excessive share in the structure of production is occupied by industries, whose mode of reproduction is able to generate only relatively low rates of economic growth (mining and related industries of primary processing in industry and agriculture). Such a trend of structural shifts is not able to generate the necessary boost of economic growth, and much less so as it is burdened by the risks of deepening structural inconsistency of Ukraine’s economy with the cardinal changes taking place in the world economy. Comparison of parameters and trends of structural changes in Ukraine’s economy and in a comparable group of countries and the world as a whole shows that the changes in the structure of Ukraine’s economy were much higher, but did not create sufficient potential for sustainable economic growth. The author analyzes the gaps in labor productivity between economic activities and sectors of Ukraine’s economy, as well as changes in their dynamics, which leads to the conclusions about the relationship between the rates of technological development of different sectors of Ukraine’s economy and the gradual slowdown of the already imperfect technological development of this country’s industry with further loss of competitiveness. Estimated the degree of influence of such factors as investments and technological innovations, as well as shifts in the structure of employment on the increase of labor productivity in Ukraine’s economy. Using the apparatus of econometric modeling, the author evaluates the dependence of the dynamics of GDP growth on the change of the indices of the physical volume of GVA in the sectors of this country’s economy.