Миграция современного сельского населения (на примере четырех СМО Республики Калмыкия)

Abstract

The Republic of Kalmykia, a southern Russian region, has an agricultural focus. As a result of fundamental transformations in this economic sphere in the early 1990s, the region has been experiencing complex demographic and socio-economic processes for the third decade. The liquidation of Soviet states and collective farms deprived workers of guaranteed employment, which, in turn, contributed to the active social mobility of the rural population. Its migration behavior led not only to a decrease in the proportion of the rural population but also to a deterioration in the quality of the demographic potential of rural settlements (aging population, a high proportion of men who have never been married, deviant forms of behavior of the remaining single people), and the disappearance of villages. The author examines the mobility of the rural population of Kalmykia, using statistical information for the intercensal periods 2002–2010 and 2010–2021, passports of the four rural municipalities of the Tselinny district under study (Arshan Bulg, Baga-Chonos, Ovata, Yalmta). The number in these small settlements has decreased significantly. Despite the fact that collective enterprises operate in the territory of the studied self-government enterprises, only a small number of rural residents are employed in them, which is equivalent to one small team of former Soviet farms. The unresolved decades of such social problems as the lack of sources of increasing family income and jobs and the migration activity of villagers intensify the negative consequences of the post-Soviet transformations of the village and agrarian sector of the steppe region. It should be noted that the traditional management of personal farmsteads for rural residents of the republic is also undergoing changes. The data of the analyzed passports indicate a decrease in the number of personal subsidiary farms. Thus, the listed socio-economic factors contribute to the strengthening of social movements of rural residents both inside and outside the republic.