쿠빌라이 시기 安南과의 외교 교섭 - 元의 정책과 安南의 대응을 중심으로 -

Abstract

Although Annam maintained its independence through a tributary relationship with the song dynasty, the Mongol, via Uriyangkhadai’s campaign during Mongke’s rule, subjugated Annam in the 1258. As Khubilai rose to power, the diplomatic relations between Mongol and Annan did not follow the typical Mongolian policy, which was a dichotomy between the submissive and the resistant. Essentially, Khubilai’s diplomacy became more flexible. This flexibility was a part of Khubilai’s greater plan for longer reign, conquest of the Southern Song, and advancement into the South Seas. Khubilai established diplomatic relations with Annam in the early years of his reign amidst a civil war, with the conquest of Southern Song in mind. Even though the Mongols imposed the standard obligations of the subjection, such as demanding like hostage, the Mongols also continued the “tributary system” formerly established between the Song and Annam, thus providing some aspects of Annam independence while maintaining communication between the two states. Annam, while maintaining a dual relationship between Yuan and Song, maintained a more submissive attitude in the tributary relationship with the former through tributary missions and diplomacy through diplomatic missions, and presented compromise proposals through negotiations.<BR> As the war to Southern Song began, however, the Mongols’ policies toward Annam became more unyielding. Khubilai imposed the six-duties of military obligations on Annam and dispatched Mongol-appointed Darughachis. With the military demands and the dispatch of the Darughachi, Mongol’s interference and pressure intensified. However, the King of Annam maintained a submissive attitude, albeit not fulfilling the six duties, while quietly preparing to fight back against the Mongols. When Southern Song fell and the Mongols advanced into Southeast Asia, military tensions intensified in the region. Annam was at a crossroads between subjugation and resistance. For the advancement into the Southern Seas, Khubilai established the Annam Pacification Office and the Champa Branch Secretariats in Annam and Champa respectively. It was when Khubilai took measures to recognize Annam as a part of the Yuan Empire and made demands to Annam for safe passage for the campaign toward Champa that Annam, together with other regimes of the Southeast Asia, stood up and fiercely resisted against the Mongols.