Этноконфессиональная напряженность в российском обществе: опыт эмпирической апробации методики измерения

The experiences of victims show that in general, ‘hate crime’ offenders are not an aberration, or politically motivated extremists confined to the margins of society. Instead, many are ‘ordinary’ people who offend in the unfolding contexts of their everyday lives. The ordinariness of offenders and offending is arguably a further key dimension in the conceptualisation of ‘hate crime’, when victims' experiences are placed at the centre of understanding about ‘hate crime’. This line of argument is pursued in this chapter in the spirit of conceptualising ‘hate crime’ as a scholarly domain characterised by an analysis of the commonalities and differences between various forms of oppressive violence. In that spirit, this chapter unravels the situational dynamics of anti-Jewish, anti-Muslim and other racist incidents, incidents against people with a disability and homophobic incidents. It illuminates the connections between background structure and the foreground of offender action in cases of ‘hate crime’, providing the missing link between the macro-societal ideological edifice and the micro-level actions of offenders.

Introduction There is growing evidence on the efficacy of cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) for chronic pain(CP). Due to the complex interaction between chronic pain and anxiety, and the potential impact of CBMPs on both anxiety and chronic pain, this article aimed to compare the outcomes of CP patients with and without co-morbid anxiety following CBMP treatment. Methods Participants were prospectively enrolled in this cohort study and categorized by baseline General Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7) scores, into ‘no anxiety’(GAD-7<5) and ‘anxiety’(GAD-7≥5) cohorts. Primary outcomes were changes in Brief Pain Inventory Short-Form, Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2, Pain Visual Analogue Scale, Sleep Quality Scale (SQS), GAD-7 and EQ-5D-5L index values at 1, 3 and 6 months compared to baseline. Results 1254 patients (anxiety=711; no anxiety=543) met inclusion criteria. Significant improvements in all primary outcomes were observed in both cohorts at all timepoints (p<0.050), except GAD-7 in the no anxiety group(p>0.050). The anxiety cohort reported greater improvements in EQ-5D-5L index values, SQS and GAD-7(p<0.050), but there were no consistent differences in pain outcomes. Conclusion A potential association between CBMPs and improvements in pain and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in CP patients was identified. CP patients with co-morbid anxiety achieved greater improvements in general HRQoL, but not pain-specific outcomes.

Verbal and practical intelligence in general anxiety, obsessive compulsive and major depression disorders

Hatescape? A relational geography of disability hate crime, exclusion and belonging in the city

Patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) experience psychological distress because of excessive and uncontrollable anxiety in everyday life. Only a few morphological studies have so far focused on specific brain regions of interest as well as the gray matter volume changes in GAD patients. This study evaluated gray matter volume alterations in whole-brain areas between GAD patients and healthy controls, and sex differences between the specific brain areas with significant volume changes in GAD patients using voxel-based morphometry. Twenty-two patients with GAD (13 men and nine women), who were diagnosed using the DSM-IV-TR, and 22 age-matched healthy controls (13 men and nine women) participated in this study. The high-resolution MRI data were processed using voxel-based morphometry analysis on the basis of diffeomorphic anatomical registration through an exponentiated Lie algebra algorithm in Statistical Parametric Mapping 8. There was no significant difference in the total intracranial volume between GAD patients and controls, but a significant difference was observed between sexes (P<0.05). Patients with GAD showed significant volume reductions in the hippocampus, midbrain, thalamus, insula, and superior temporal gyrus compared with the controls. As for the sex comparison, female patients showed a significant increase in the volume of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex relative to male patients. Also, the volume of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in female patients was correlated positively with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale score (γ=0.68, P=0.04). The specific morphological variations in patient with GAD will be helpful to understand the neural mechanism associated with a symptom of GAD. Furthermore, the findings would be valuable for the diagnostic accuracy of GAD using morphometric MRI analysis.

Objectives Anxiety disorders are one of the most common reasons for seeking treatment with cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs). Current pharmacological treatments are variable in efficacy and the endocannabinoid system has been identified as a potential therapeutic target. This study aims to detail the changes in health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) and clinical safety following CBMP therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Methods A case series from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry was performed. Primary outcomes included changes from baseline in patient-reported outcome measures (the General Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), EQ-5D-5L (a measure of health-related quality of life), and Sleep Quality Scale (SQS)) at 1, 3 and 6 months. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.050. Results Sixty-seven patients were treated for generalized anxiety disorder. Statistically significant improvements were observed in GAD-7, EQ-5D-5L Index Value, EQ5D Visual Analog Scale, and SQS scores at 1, 3 and 6 months (p<0.050). Twenty-five (39.1%) patients reported adverse events during the follow-up period. Conclusion This study suggests that CBMPs may be associated with improvements in HRQoL outcomes when used as a treatment for generalized anxiety disorder. These findings must be treated with caution considering limitations of study design; however this data may help inform future clinical studies and practice. Plain Language Summary Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric illness type in the United Kingdom, with 8.2 million cases reported in 2010. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the most common anxiety disorder, debilitates, and so reduces the quality of life of those who suffer from the condition. The efficacy of current treatments for GAD varies greatly from person-to-person. The endocannabinoid system in the human body is currently attracting a lot of attention in the scientific community as it can be targeted by chemicals in the cannabis plant to produce therapeutic effects in order to treat GAD. There is, however, a lack of studies investigating the effects of medicinal cannabis in GAD, and so this study aims to explore the drug’s effect on quality of life in patients suffering from GAD. Sixty-seven patients who attended the Sapphire Clinics for medicinal cannabis treatment for GAD were included in the study. The results from this study highlight that medicinal cannabis may improve generalized anxiety disorder, general health-related quality of life, and sleep-specific outcomes at 1, 3, and 6 months after starting treatment. There was also a low number of severe, disabling, and life-threatening adverse events experienced by patients. Although this study explores the effects of medicinal cannabis in a real clinical setting, the results were not compared to other types of treatment. Future studies with a comparator are therefore needed before concluding the true effects of medicinal cannabis in patients with GAD.

BackgroundReported traditional gender role attitudes (GRAs) have been related to worse mental health in western countries. This study examined the link of GRAs with symptoms of depression and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) in two Russian cities. MethodsWe used interview data from the cross-sectional Know Your Heart Study conducted among 5099 adults aged 35-69 in the Russian cities of Arkhangelsk and Novosibirsk between 2015 and 2017. Attitudes about gender inequality and division of labour between women and men at home or in the public sphere were measured by single items. Binary variables indicating presence of symptoms of depression and GAD were defined by a cut-off of ≥ 5 of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine crude and adjusted associations. ResultsThere was evidence that all types of GRAs were associated with symptoms of depression and GAD consistent with a U-shape after controlling for confounding with stronger evidence for all relationships for depression than for GAD. Odds of depressive symptoms were elevated among participants strongly agreeing to gender inequality and gender division of labour. There was good evidence for effect measure modification by age. LimitationsThe possibilities of measurement error of the exposure and outcomes, residual confounding and reverse causality are important limitations of this study. ConclusionsAgreeing to gender inequality and gender division of labour was associated with reporting symptoms of common mental disorders in Russia. This study adds evidence for a link of GRAs with mental health from a non-western context.

The impression often conveyed by the media about hate crime offenders is that they are hate-fuelled individuals who, in acting out their extremely bigoted views, target their victims in premeditated violent attacks. Scholarly research on the perpetrators of hate crimes has begun to provide a more nuanced picture. However, the preoccupation of researchers with convicted offenders neglects the vast majority of hate crime offenders that do not come into contact with the criminal justice system. This book widens understanding of hate crime by demonstrating that many offenders are ordinary people who offend in the context of their everyday lives. The book takes a victim-centred approach to explore and analyse hate crime as a social problem, providing an empirically informed and scholarly perspective. The book draws out the connections between the individual agency of offenders and the background structural context for their actions. It adds a new dimension to the debate about criminalising hate in light of concerns about the rise of punitive and expressive justice, scrutinising the balance struck by hate crime laws between the rights of offenders and the rights of victims.

This chapter describes the concrete, visceral forms of Islamophobia before foregrounding the nature of race hate crimes and vulnerability. Hate crimes can involve race, religion, sexual orientation, disability and/or transgender identity. Rather than focusing on ideology and organised groups, hate crimes can occur in everyday life among individuals. The vulnerability framework allows a more situational, personal analysis of a hate crime. Vulnerability expands the range of factors at play while permitting a focus on the interaction within the hate crime. Due to the asymmetric power relations based on domination of discourse, vulnerability and physical and verbal intimidation, the interaction becomes a “colonising cruelty” of experience. In the case of hate crimes, changing linguistic practices to avoid assault and to conform to a prevailing climate that demands the visibility of their communication means that English and the “monolingualism of the other” overpower the multilingual practices of the victims.

The impression often conveyed by the media about hate crime offenders is that they are hate-fuelled individuals who, in acting out their extremely bigoted views, target their victims in premeditated violent attacks. Scholarly research on the perpetrators of hate crimes has begun to provide a more nuanced picture. However, the preoccupation of researchers with convicted offenders neglects the vast majority of hate crime offenders that do not come into contact with the criminal justice system. This book widens understanding of hate crime by demonstrating that many offenders are ordinary people who offend in the context of their everyday lives. The book takes a victim-centred approach to explore and analyse hate crime as a social problem, providing an empirically informed and scholarly perspective. The book draws out the connections between the individual agency of offenders and the background structural context for their actions. It adds a new dimension to the debate about criminalising hate in light of concerns about the rise of punitive and expressive justice, scrutinising the balance struck by hate crime laws between the rights of offenders and the rights of victims.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about everyday life. Prior neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that GAD is associated with disruptions in specific brain regions; however, little is known about the global functional connectivity maps in adolescents with GAD. Here, first-episode, medication-naive, adolescent GAD patients (N = 36) and healthy controls (N = 28) (HCs) underwent resting-state functional MRI (R-fMRI) and completed a package of questionnaires to assess clinical symptoms. Functional connectivity strength and seed-based functional connectivity were employed to investigate the functional connectivity architecture. GAD patients showed reduced functional connectivity strength in right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and right superior parietal gyrus (SPG) compared with HCs. Further seed-based functional connectivity analysis revealed that GAD patients displayed decreased functional connectivity between right SMG and left fusiform gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral precuneus and cuneus, and between right SPG and bilateral supplementary motor area and middle cingulate gyrus, as well as between the SMG-based network and the SPG-based network. Moreover, the disrupted intra-network connectivity (i.e., the SMG-based network and the SPG-based network) and inter-network connectivity between the SMG-based network and the SPG-based network accounted for 25.5% variance of the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and 39.5% variance of the trait subscale of STAI. Our findings highlight the abnormal functional architecture in the SMG-based network and the SPG-based network in GAD, providing novel insights into the pathological mechanisms of this disorder.

This cross-sectional type of descriptive study was conducted in three villages of Puthia Upazila under Rajshahi district to find out the prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and its effect on their daily living. A total of 876 adult people of aged 18 years and above, were selected purposively. Data were collected by face to face interview with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire which contained Hamilton’s 7-point anxiety scale. Out of 876 respondents, 80% had GAD, where mild, moderate and severe GAD being 42.5%, 31.8% and 5.7% respectively. GAD was found to be more frequently associated in the 3rd and 5th decades of life, which constituted 27% and 12.9% respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Having GAD, females have more ability to cope with daily living than males, though GAD was not found to be associated with sex (p &gt;0.05). Illiterate and primary level educated respondents were more often associated with GAD (40.4 and 25% respectively) than the SSC and higher level educated people (p &lt; 0.001). Businessmen were found to be significantly associated with GAD (29.7%) than the other occupations (p &lt; 0.001). Poor people tend to be associated with GAD significantly more than the middle class and the rich (p &lt; 0.01). Widow(er) and married and living together were likely to have GAD than the single or divorced or separated (p &lt; 0.001). Activities of daily living gradually becoming more difficult when intensity of anxiety status increased which is statistically significant (p&lt;0.001).The association between sex and problem facing in everyday life shows that over 40% of the females did not have any difficulty in dealing with problem situation as compared to only 25.8% of the males, while nearly half (48.6%) of males had quite difficulty in dealing with a problem as compared to 37.3% in females (p &lt; 0.001). The present study concluded that majority rural adult people (4 in every five) suffer from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The ability of coping with a problem is higher in females than the males. This study might be the basis for further in depth study in this regard.TAJ 2014; 27(1): 14-23

This study investigated the reliability and factorial validity of General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in the context of university students in Bangladesh. The research aimed to assess whether the original one-dimensional model or a model containing both somatic and cognitive-emotional factors is appropriate. A repeated cross-sectional survey design based on convenience sampling was used to collect data from 677 university students. The factor structure of the GAD-7 was assessed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and its convergent validity was determined by investigating its correlations with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety-Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS). Results showed excellent reliability of GAD-7 as measured by Cronbach’s α. CFA suggested that a modified one-factor model is appropriate for the sample. This model provided high values of comparative fit index (CFI), goodness of fit index (GFI), and Tucker Lewis Index (TLI), low value of standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) and a non-significant root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). Correlation between GAD-7 and PHQ-9 was 0.751 and 0.934 between GAD-7 and PHQ-ADS. Overall, the study provided support for modified unidimensional structure for GAD-7 and showed high internal consistency along with good convergent validity.

: The article is devoted to pre-crisis situation (2014 – 2016) analysis of ethnic relations in Russia and European countries with considering studying ethnic tension by domestic experience. Ethnic tension is considering as a social psychological characteristic reflect the imbalance in social relations, resulting from the escalating conflict between ethnic groups.The empirical foundation of study is the ESS database. Indicators of ethnic tension, such as relations to relocation of immigrants into the country of the respondent, the assessment of changes that bring immigrants are analyzed. Detaching the analogues to those indicators in the ESS allowed to construct an index of ethnic tension and to compare it’s values in the European countries.The countries with the lowest (Scandinavia) and the highest level of ethnic tensions (Cyprus, Russia, Czech Republic, Portugal, Hungary) are revealed. Most ethnic tensions observed in younger and older age groups, as well as in the group of women, and among respondents with low education and low income, living in villages.In the context of the main causes of ethnic tensions (cultural characteristics of ethnic groups interacting), highlighted the factors that consistently influence on ethnic tensions, such as the size of GDP per capita, the proportion of migrants in total population, the number of migrants who arrived in the last 5 years, trust the people, occupation.

Anxiety can come in various forms; general anxiety is characterized by feelings of excessive anxiety impacting multiple domains of everyday life, whereas anxiety may also manifest within a single domain (i.e., math anxiety). Those that present with anxiety who also have Autism Spectrum Disorder often exhibit ritualized movement as a coping mechanism for their anxiety. However, the relationship between anxiety and movement has not yet been explored within typically developing children. It is also unclear if the form of anxiety impacts the degree to which children move. In this study, we used Motion Energy Analysis to quantify the relationship between both general and math anxiety and movement during a math flashcards task. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine possible relationships between anxiety and movement. General anxiety significantly contributed to models predicting movement during the math flashcards task, while math anxiety did not. Our results suggest that movement could be an indicator of general anxiety in elementary aged children. KEYWORDS: General Anxiety; Math Anxiety; Elementary; Academics; Motion Energy Analysis; Movement; Ritualized Movement; Mathematics