Факторы риска остеоартрита: от истории к современным представлениям (обзор литературы)

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disease, particularly among individuals over 60 years of age. This paper provides a detailed review and discussion of the risk factors (RFs) associated with OA and their contribution to disease pathogenesis. Currently, individual RFs or groups of RFs that conditionally or reliably contribute to the development of OA have been identified. The management of OA involves dividing risk factors into controllable (first-level RFs such as social, environmental, occupational, behavioral, biomedical, etc.) and uncontrollable (second-level RFs such as genetic, phenotypic in an individual, gender, age, etc.). The effect of these risk factors persists throughout the course of the disease, contributing to its progression and worsening its prognosis, including comorbidities. In patients with clinical manifestations of OA, RFs of any level worsen the prognosis much more than in patients without clinical manifestations of OA. Physicians are particularly interested in controllable RFs, i.e., those that can be eliminated or alleviated. Knowledge about these RFs is useful for the initial selection of OA patients during mass screening. It has been demonstrated that gender and age are the strongest RFs for the development of OA. Familial generalized osteoarthritis (OA) is more common in non-young women. The role of endocrine factors in the development of OA is analyzed. Biomechanical disorders and congenital joint dysplasia increase the risk of OA. Injuries, occupational activity, and sports activities may also be potential triggers. The association between OA and obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus is discussed in detail. Hereditary factors, genetic markers, and familial variants of OA are also addressed. The analysis of RF and possible causes of the disease can help in selecting preventive and treatment tools. KEYWORDS: osteoarthritis, joint remodeling, osteosclerosis, synovitis, risk factors. FOR CITATION: Tsurko V.V., Malysheva N.V., Kasatova T.B. Risk factors for osteoarthritis: a literature review of historical and current perspectives. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2024;8(2):66–72 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-2-3.