Из истории проектной культуры Среднего Поволжья: санно-тележное производство середины XIX – первой половины XX вв.

Abstract

The origins of design lie in the traditional forms of design culture of pre-industrial societies, expressed in handicrafts and folk crafts. Sledges and carts production (and the associated manufacture of wheels and rims) on the Middle Volga, as well as throughout Russia in the mid-19 – first half of the 20 centuries, was a common and traditional type of craft activity, handicraft. Due to the multi-ethnicity of the region, we can talk about its small local features — the specifics of production processes, decor, and the ethnic division of labor. The exchange of cultural forms led to the typification of tools and techniques in the sledges and carts production of all ethnic groups of the Middle Volga — Mordovians, Tatars, Chuvashs. The reasons for this alignment are the practical benefits and long cohabitation of peoples in the region, which through cross-borrowing determined the general economic structure and nature of the project culture. Sledges and carts production of the Middle Volga region from the mid-19 – first half of the 20 centuries was realized through traditional design forms (sledges such as dróvni, rózval`ni, koshévny`e; carts such as pólok, ry`dván, dolgúsha, drógi, tarantás). The paper pays particular attention to the analysis of their manufacturing technologies. The study of various aspects of the sledges and carts production of the Middle Volga region will allow enriching theoretical ideas in the field of studying the traditional design culture of the region. Some of the points and conclusions of the study may be useful in designing an urban environment.