Abstract
The critical problems encountered during the operation of baromembrane plants, namely, deposits on the membranes and a large amount of concentrate effluents, are discussed in detail. The deposits on membranes are subdivided into organic, inorganic, colloidal and microbiological. For each type of deposit, its physical and chemical properties and formation mechanisms are described in detail. The deposit control methods are presented. The list of key solutions includes, in particular, water pretreatment measures, such as conventional pretreatment methods, including coagulation, clarification, flocculation, oxidation, and adsorption, and membrane methods, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration. Combined use of conventional and membrane methods is the most efficient pre-treatment technique. The pre-treatment efficiency is closely linked with the types of agents (coagulants, adsorbents, oxidizers, etc.), dosage, dosing regimes (batch or continuous), dosage point, mixing methods, temperature, properties (hydrophobicity, charge density, molecular weight and molecule sizes) of aqueous impurities (colloidal or dissolved, organic or inorganic), solution medium (pH and ionic strength), and membrane characteristics (membrane charge, hydrophobicity, and surface morphology). Physical and chemical methods for removing membrane contaminations are outlined, classification of washing chemical reagents is given, and the mechanisms of their influence on various types of deposits are described. Recommendations on selecting the reagents are proposed. To solve the wastewater disposal problem, the methods for reducing the baromembrane concentrate volume have been analyzed, including the known ones and those used at thermal power facilities in Russia. The zero-waste effluent water treatment scheme for the Kazan CHPP-2 is considered as a model of a closed water utilization system based on the use of membrane technologies. A thorough preliminary analysis, mathematical, physical and chemical calculations, and modeling the operation of plants, all based on worldwide scientific experience are the key to successful operation of the equipment with high economic indicators.
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