Создание во ВНИИМК несуществующей в природе озимой формы горчицы сарептской (обзор)

Abstract

Breeding of a new winter form of mustard started at the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops in 1959. This work was aimed on increasing of crop yield due to winter plant growth. Hybrids between winter rapeseed and spring mustard were used as initial material. These species cross easily and had fertile progenies. A breeding sample No. 7823 was selected in hybrid combinations; it withstands low temperatures – from minus 10 to minus 15 °C at autumn sowing. At favorable overwintering conditions, yield of this sample was 2.0–2.8 t/ha, oil content of seeds – 44–48%. During further works, the winter mustard samples No. 26205 and 25582 with yield of 3.65–4.06 t/ha were selected. However, in unfavora-ble winter conditions, the winter resistance of winter mustard was 30–40% low than of winter rapeseed. In 1968, another method to develop winter mustard was chosen: by resynthesis from the elementary species – winter turnip rape (genome AA) and black mustard (genome BB). Usage of grafting and gamma radia-tion of pollen allowed producing F1 hybrid seeds. As a result of long-term works (1971–1989), based on resynthesis hybrids, the first in the world practice variety of winter mustard Suzdalskaya was developed. It competed with winter rapeseed by seed yield and winter resistance, however, erucic acid content in seed oil was 35–37%. In 2002, the first erucic acid free (1.5%) variety of winter mustard Snezhinka was submitted for the State trial. In 2010, the absolutely erucic acid free variety of winter mustard Dzhuna was included into the State register of breeding achievements. In 2022, the variety Vyuzhanka was included into the State Register, it exceeds the variety Dzhuna by seed yield by 0.72 t/ha and has oil of high quality.