ДЕЙСТВИЕ АГРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ПРИЕМОВ НА РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТЬ РЖАВЧИННЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ПОЛЕВЫХ КУЛЬТУР

Abstract

The productivity potential of field crops is currently realized by no more than 25%. One of the main reasons is the deterioration of the phytosanitary situation due to low agricultural technology, the cultivation of unstable varieties, non-compliance with spatial isolation norms, and others. Rust diseases take the top place in the decline in the yield of most crops, especially cereals. In a stationary field three-factor experiment of the Department of Agronomy of Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy, the authors studied the influence of resource-saving processing systems and fertilizers on the prevalence of rust diseases and the productivity of field crops. Over the years of research (2016–2019), stem rust of oats, yellow and brown rust of wheat, linear rust of timothy were found in the crops. In 2018, warm and humid weather favored increased development of oat stem rust in annual grasses. On average, in terms of factors, the use of the studied soil cultivation systems did not cause any significant changes in the prevalence of rust diseases on cereals with minimal values on the surface-moldboard soil cultivation system. The full rate of mineral fertilizers caused a statistically significant majority of leaf rust in 2017 by 4.58%. In 2018, the use of straw contributed to a significant increase in the prevalence of oat stem rust by 18.34%. On average, for the studied soil cultivation systems in 2019, the use of the full norm of mineral fertilizers, both separately and together with straw, led to a statistically significant decrease in the above indicator with the minimum values for the background “Straw+NPK” by 6.39%. The use of a surface treatment system for all the years of research has led to a slight decrease in the productivity of field crops in comparison with surface-moldboard treatment. On average, for soil cultivation systems, the use of all types of fertilizers increased the productivity of field crops with the maximum reliable values for the background “Straw+NPK.”