Редкие и исчезающие виды растений: популяционный аспект в изучении и охране

Abstract

The article provides an overview of areas of population research on rare and endangered plant species. It is noted that recommendations for implementing the strategy for protecting biodiversity can only be implemented through a comprehensive study of rare and endangered species. To select objects of protection and compile a list of Red Book species (regional strategy), study biology, ecology, assess the state of populations and select methods for their protection (species strategy), many approaches are used, among which the most common are: ecological-phytocenotic, population-ontogenetic and demographic , vital, phenetic, complex. These approaches involve conducting a geobotanical description of phytocenoses with rare species, determining demographic indicators (density, abundance, ratio of age groups) and determining the size of populations, as well as intravital measurement of the morphometric characteristics of vegetative and reproductive above-ground organs. Based on syntaxonomic analysis of geobotanical descriptions, the phytocenotic areas of the species are determined. Based on geobotanical descriptions using environmental scales, connections between species and environmental factors and anthropogenic regime are established, as well as ecological tolerance and valence of species. The result of the implementation of the ecological-phytocenotic approach when studying rare species is the identification of limiting factors of a natural and anthropogenic nature. To analyze the state of populations based on demographic indicators, population indices are widely used: recovery index, aging index, population optimum index, cenopopulation consistency in the “delta-omega” system, which distinguishes 6 demographic types. The state of populations is also assessed by the ratio of plant life groups. To select effective measures to protect species and populations, it is proposed to use the strategic potential of plants, assessed by natural changes in the integrity of the morphological structure of plants along an environmental gradient towards increasing stress. The article provides examples of the implementation of the listed approaches and methods into the practice of protecting rare species on the territory of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan.