СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ГЕНОСИСТЕМАТИКА И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЕСТЕСТВЕННО РАСТУЩИХ И ИНТРОДУЦИРОВАННЫХ ВИДОВ РОДА QUERCUS

Abstract

Decoding and annotation of the Oak genome has clarified the taxonomy of the genus Quercus and opens up new possibilities for researchers and foresters for selection and assessment of the evolutionary development of forest formers and forest communities. The purpose of the review was to analyze modern genosystematics, as well as biological characteristics of naturally growing and introduced species of the genus Quercus in Central Russia. For the species Quercus robur, the genome was sequenced, assembled and annotated; the genome decoding made it possible to find out that the longevity and resistance of oak trees is largely based on duplication of R genes for resistance to pathogens, as well as to confirm the accumulation and transmission of somatic mutations in the apical meristems of the shoots. Genetic analysis made it possible to clarify the phylogenetic relationships and divide the genus into the subgenera Euquercus (from 320 to 354 species) and Cyclobalanopsis (76 species) and 6 sections, the main of which are: the Erythrobalanus group (red oak), the Lepidobalanus (white oak), and the Cerris group. The genus Quercus is an important forest producer in the Northern Hemisphere. Considering its ecological nature (the dominance, diversity and development of the data of their phylogenetic, genomic and ecological resources of an important model clade), the oak is a model object of scientific research. Flexible phenology and features of the water regime made it possible to adapt to a wide range of habitat conditions, to form climatypes within and between species, contributing to their high abundance and diversity. Oaks as long-lived plants represent a unique model for the formation of sustainable forest communities; the diversity of species allows them to be introduced into regions of different climatic and ecological factors. In most cases, oaks are ecological dominants, so discoveries at the genome level will be relevant at the level of forest ecosystems and may be the key to solving the problems of sustainability and productivity of oak forests. The review presents modern data on the division of the genus Quercus into subgenera and clades, genetic maps, and the basics of oak longevity. The data on the biology of the genus and species of Central Russia are presented, as well as ecological significance of the genus and the possibility of using trees in various spheres of human activity