Некоторые видовые особенности анатомии гепатобилиарной системы и состава желчи у лабораторных животных

Abstract

Bile acids are important signaling molecules involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, maintenance of metabolic and energy homeostasis. Mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits are used as model organisms in pharmacodynamic studies. This is due to the availability of these animals, economic benefits and anatomical features of the hepatobiliary system. Notable differences in bile acid composition between laboratory animals and humans can play an important role and can reduce the translational value of data obtained using a particular test system. The choice of a particular animal species for pharmacodynamic studies of potential therapeutic agents should be based on several factors, which may include anatomo-physiological similarity of the hepatobiliary system and biochemical features of bile. It is these factors that are fundamental in the study of new pharmacologic agents and interpretation of the data obtained. The aim of the review is to compare some species-specific anatomo-physiological features of the hepatobiliary system, as well as to highlight the main aspects of bile production and bile acid metabolism in the most commonly used laboratory animals (mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits) both among themselves and with those in humans. Mice and rats are fairly common test systems, but the presence of muricholic acids limits their translatability. In addition, the small body size of mice can cause difficulties in the operative manipulations associated with the bile sampling procedure. The use of rats in contrast to mice does not cause such difficulties, but they lack a gallbladder, which accounts for the anatomical difference with the human hepatobiliary system. The rabbit has an optimal body size and anatomical similarity of the biliary system to that of humans, but the quantitative predominance of biliverdin and deoxycholic acid is a factor in the differences from humans. The guinea pig also has an optimal body size and anatomical similarity to the human hepatobiliary system, a high rate of choleresis and a generally similar bile acid composition, and a sufficient number of experimental model pathologies have been developed for it. The described qualities of laboratory animals, comparability or differences from those in humans indicate the need for a reasonable choice of a relevant test system taking into account the peculiarities of each of them.