Наукові основи точного механічного обробітку ґрунту і перспективи його впровадження в Україні

Abstract

Precision mechanical tillage is a fundamentally new agricultural strategy of farming, which is based on the use of information technology and new technical means and involves the implementation of technological measures for the main and pre-sowing tillage, taking into account the spatial heterogeneity of the physical properties of the root-content layer as indicators of differentiation of field tillage. In the article were presented the main provisions and stages of the method of determining the soil spatial heterogeneity of the plot. It was characterized indicators of precision mechanical soil tillage and promising methods for measuring parameters for precision tillage, including technical and software. It was proposed the preliminary norms of the physical properties of the treated layer for substantiation of the intensity of the basic mechanical soil tillage. It was proposed the characteristic of the main stages of the transition to precision farming and the mechanisms that should ensure its effective functioning, it was calculated the expected economic efficiency of precision farming. In the article was analyzed the spatial heterogeneity of arable land of Ukraine in terms of basic physical characteristics (structure, bulk density and penetration resistance) in the crop layer and plow sole. Some general patterns of manifestation of the spatial heterogeneity of the investigated properties of the soil cover of the land plots and the crop in all natural zones of Ukraine are analyzed, it serving as the main argument for the transition from generalized zonal technologies to precision mechanical tillage. The baseline data for the technological substantiation of the development of precision tillage (according to the content of the blocks in the seed layer) was worked out. Prospects for the introduction of precision agriculture in Ukraine are considered, based on the successful experience of mastering precision farming systems. Key words: soil, precision tillage, spatial heterogeneity, physical properties.