Письмо, похожее на обезьяну и сатира: эпистолярный этикет в письмах Иоанна Апокавка

Abstract

John Apokaukos (c. 1155–1233) was an outstanding church and political figure, humanist and writer. The large collection of Apokaukos’ letters is an invaluable historical source and liter-ary monument. In this paper, the letters of John Apokaukos are considered in the context of the letter genre and its canons: it is explored how John handles the traditional motifs of Byzantine epistolary etiquette. The messages written in three common situations are ana-lyzed. These situations are receiving a letter, sending gifts and receiving gifts. Apokaukos’ closeness to the epistolary tradition of the 11th–12th centuries is revealed, parallels are pointed out with the letters of Michael Psellos, Theophylaktos of Ohrid, Michael Choniates and others. It is demonstrated that Apokaukos uses a wide range of etiquette motifs, but many of his letters are original: sometimes he interprets traditional motifs in a new way and revives obsolete clichés, and sometimes completely deviates from the established rules. Traditional formulae become a reason for a literary game and friendly humor: Apokaukos often resorts to irony and grotesque, associated with the use of quotations from ancient lit-erature and the Bible in a humble context of everyday life.