Կայուն առաջնորդությունից մինչև տեխնոլոգիական վերափոխում. եվրոպական և ասիական երկրների տեխնոլոգիական զարգացման դասերը / From Sustainable Leadership to Technological Transformation: Lessons from Technological Development in European and Asian Countries

Abstract

The paper examines the trajectory of technological development of European and Asian countries. The economic complexity index, along with indicators such as patents securing intellectual property rights registered with both the national patent office and the US Patent and Trademark Office, as well as research and development (R&D) expenditures, have been used to characterize technological development. In terms of economic complexity, many EU countries continue to appear in the world's top ten, but the leading EU nations are gradually ceding their positions in the global top three to certain Asian countries. EU countries do not exhibit homogeneity in their performance. The differences between leading and lagging countries in terms of the studied indicators are significant, albeit decreasing over time. The ratio of public and private R&D expenditures is also different, in general, with the predominance of private expenditures on average. The study shows that European countries have consistently maintained a leading role in technological development, while certain Asian countries have transitioned from being consumers to creators of knowledge and technology in recent decades. Key factors contributing to the technological development of Asian countries include acquiring patents from developed nations, importing technologies, attracting foreign direct investments, and establishing industrial clusters. These factors underscore the pivotal role of the state.