Профілактіка пожеж в українських селах на початку становлення тоталітарного режиму в УСРР (1928-1931 рр.)

Abstract

Introduction. It is a well-known fact that fi re prevention is the best way to reduce fi res and casualtiesamong the population. Not in vain that the motto of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine is – «Prevent. Save.Help», where in the fi rst place is the prevention of accidents. During 2020, 101,279 fi res were registered in Ukraine,as a result of which 1,728 people died, and material losses from fi res amounted to 12 billions 606 millions 904thousands uah. That is why turning scientifi c interest to retrospective problems of fi re prevention in Ukrainianvillages is relevant and socially signifi cant, because taking into account domestic historical experience, in myopinion, could help improve the current system of preventive fi re prevention in rural areas.Purpose. The purpose of this scientifi c publication is researching the features of fi re prevention in the villagesof the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic at the beginning of the period of becoming of the totalitarian regime inthe USSR (1928-1931).Methods. The methodological basis of the article is a combination of general scientifi c methods of cognitionwith the using of scientifi c and critical analysis of sources. The subject of research determines the application ofmethods of analysis and synthesis, methods of empirical research, historical-comparative and historical-systemicmethods.Results. The author substantiate that the from 1928 to 1931, fi refi ghting in rural areas of Ukraine washandled by district and village bodies of state fi re supervision (SFS). The fi re communities of volunteers alsofought with fi res. The fi re communities of volunteers included fi re brigades of volunteers-fi refi ghters. The districtbodies of the SFS dealt with the following matters: management, control and care of fi re safety in all organizations(collective farms, state farms), institutions, warehouses, etc., which were located within a particular district. Thevillage bodies of the SFS were accountable to the district administration. Village fi re instructors and fi re chiefsas employees of rural fi re-fi ghting organizations monitored the state of fi re safety in settlements, collective farms,state farms and communes. They supervised the maintenance of fi re stations and rural fi refi ghting equipment. Theytook care of the condition of the reservoirs for the needs of fi re protection, and the entrances to them. In case ofany problems, the employees of the village bodies of the SFS appealed to the village council in order to quicklyeliminate the shortcomings.The author study that the state fi re control bodies of the USSR in the late 1920s - in the early 1930s, werecreated and approved the fi re safety rules for collective farms, state farms, machine-tractor stations, machinetractor workshops, etc. The members of rural fi re brigades and organizations relied on these instructions in thematter of proper preventive maintenance of the state of fi re safety in the villages of the USSR in the historicalperiod, which is investigating.The author substantiate that the any collective farm, state farm in the USSR had to be provided with adequatewater supply in accordance with the rules and instructions of industrial construction, approved in 1929. If ruralorganizations were located near water bodies, regardless of the water supply system, they had to equip a site withfi re barrels and pumps, to which a good paved road was to lead. It was forbidden to clutter up playgrounds anddriveways, in winter the peasants had to clear them of snow. This was followed by fi re village elders.Originality. The problems of fi re prevention in Ukrainian villages in this historical period have not beeninvestigated by ukrainian and foreign scientists. Therefore, the scientifi c novelty of this work, according to theauthor, does not cause objections.Conclusion. Despite certain problems, coordinated activities between district and village bodies of the SFSand offi cials responsible for fi re prevention in collective farms, state farms, machine-tractor stations, machinetractor workshops in the USSR in 1928-1931 led to gradual reduction of the level of «fi re» in Ukrainian villages.Scientifi c research on fi re prevention in Ukrainian villages during the heyday of the totalitarian regime in theUSSR, as well as in the postwar period, is promising