Abstract
The article analyzes the works on the study of historical figures in various socio-humanitarian sciences: history, philosophy, literary studies, psychology. Various approaches to biographical research in psychology are considered: psychoanalysis, psychiatry, historical psychology. There is a growing interest in biographical research in both science and mass consciousness. In historical psychology, personality is studied from different perspectives: from the point of view of its genius, its orientation, legal consciousness as a representative of the moral elite, etc. It is concluded that there is no single method of studying the historical personality in psychology. The author offers a comprehensive reconstruction of the life path and psychological characteristics of a historical person as a method of historical psychology, which is based on the structural and dynamic model of a person by B. G. Ananyev, the subject-activity approach by S. L. Rubinstein, and the ideas of B. F. Lomov on the system determination of the psyche, a procedure of psychological and historical reconstruction that allows combining various methods in the study (modeling, biographical method, praximetric method, quantitative methods, etc.). The proposed method will allow us to study the historical personality comprehensively, in the dynamics included in the integral system of social relations, as well as to reveal the features of its development in the context of historical time. Various hierarchically organized structures (individuum, personality, subject of activity, individuality) cover all levels of relations and interactions of a person and the functions and roles performed by him in the process of living life at each stage of his development. Such a study reaches the level of a systematic reconstruction of the life path of a historical person as an integral phenomenon without losing the complex methodological basis.
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