Підвищення рівня екологічної безпеки під час вибухового руйнування скельних порід у кар’єрах

Abstract

The type of explosive is decisive during blasting, not only to select the network of wells and to improve the quality of rock crushing, but also to reduce the environmental impact and loss of non-metallic minerals associated with excessive rock crushing during the explosion. The analysis of researches has shown that a considerable quantity of works is devoted to questions of definition of efficiency of explosives on various technical characteristics and depending on their chemical structure. The main criterion for the selection of explosive for blasting is the effectiveness of explosive destruction or the quality of the exploded rock mass (particle size distribution). Environmental indicators of the explosive or their impact on the environment during the choice of an explosive, in most cases, is not taken into account at all. In order to reduce the amount of harmful gases formed as a result of the explosion, it is proposed, if possible, to adjust the chemical composition of the explosive without changing the formulation. The regularity of the change in the amount of Nitrogen (II) oxide and Carbon (IV) oxide formed during the explosion from the chemical composition of diesel fuel in the explosive has been established. It is proved that the change in the chemical composition of diesel fuel makes it possible to bring the value of the oxygen balance to zero, reduce the amount of harmful gases formed during explosions, and, accordingly, reduce the amount of environmental tax. To neutralize harmful gases remaining after the change in the chemical composition of diesel fuel in the explosive, it is proposed to use the developed design of the stemming, which involves a two-stage purification from harmful gases, formed during the explosive destruction of rocks, and is based on the chemisorption of gases by quicklime or production waste, which includes it, and physico-chemical sorption (adsorption) by zeolites The proposed solutions will reduce the amount of harmful gases formed during the explosive destruction of rocks by more than 85 % compared to the classic technology of blasting.