Цивилизационная уникальность России, ее основополагающие ценности и исторический путь: взгляд Ф.М. Достоевского

Abstract

The study of Dostoevsky’s project is in line with the search for a single Russian project of civilizational development, i.e. own model of life structure (form of government, value system, etc.), studying the cultural and civilizational charac­teristics of Russia and understanding the foundations of national identity. The ar­ticle reconstructs the project of the development of Russia, presented in the works of Fyodor Dostoevsky, and in this context the problems of the origin of the state, the secularization of the church, relations between morality and poli­tics, the church and the state, state and church court, Russia and the Western countries, the stages of civilizational development are considered, the concepts of vsechelovecheskoe and universal are analyzed; three levels of understanding of the universal in the writings of the writer are revealed. The study opens up the metaphysical foundations of Dostoevsky’s project, on the basis of which the writer points out the existence of a universal connection between people, and as­serts the need for the integration of humanity on a new basis in the General Syn­thesis. The article reveals the fundamental values of Russian civilization, which, according to the writer, are brotherhood, universality and vsechelovechnost, in­extricably linked with Orthodoxy. The author traces the development of Dosto­evsky’s socio-political and religious-moral ideas in the philosophy of the begin­ning of the 20th century. The socio-philosophical views of Dostoevsky are considered in the context of the ecclesiastical and historiosophical concepts of Aleksey Khomyakov, Vladimir Solovyov, Nikolay Danilevsky, Konstantin Leon­tiev and others. The article concludes about the relevance of the questions posed by Dostoevsky and the solutions proposed by him. It is shown that Dostoevsky’s ideas, being rethought and filled with new content, exist in modern public con­sciousness. The writer offers examples of new ways of human-human, human-social interaction, and interaction between social communities. The ultimate goal of his project is the transformation of the individual and society.