СТРУКТУРНО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ У ЛИЦ С РАЗЛИЧНЫМИ ТИПАМИ ПОЛУШАРНОГО ДОМИНИРОВАНИЯ (обзор)

Abstract

This article presents the significance of research on hemispheric asymmetry for assessing the structural and functional parameters of various physiological systems. The authors performed the literature analysis on the functional hemispheric asymmetry (FHA). Special features of the right and left hemispheres according to the evolutionary-genetic approach have been given. Thus, the right hemisphere was phylogenetically attributed to the older one; therefore, the development of its bioelectrical activity was largely determined by the genotype. The left hemisphere was phylogenetically younger and had greater individual variability depending on environmental and social factors. Psychic asymmetry was described, by which we understood the functional inequality of the cerebral hemispheres in the implementation of neuropsychic activity. Concepts of various types and profiles of asymmetry were revealed. A brief overview of the changes was given. FHA changes during ontogenesis were traced: right hemisphere was predominant from birth to 6-7 years; by 10-14 years, the activity of the left hemisphere increased, the functional connections became more rigid, the brain's energy resources turned to the front sections of the left hemisphere; in old age, hemispheric asymmetry was smoothed out. Morphological and functional features of the hemispheres, depending on gender were also presented. Thus, cytoarchitectonic structures of men's brain had a pronounced structural asymmetry, while cytoarchitectonic structures of women's brain were more typical and were characterized by structural symmetry. Experimental-psychological and physiological methods of recording and assessing hemispheric asymmetry were described. A non-invasive method for the analysis of interhemispheric energy-exchange processes according to the distribution of the level of constant potential of the brain, reflecting the transformation of the membrane potentials of neurons, glia and the hemato-toencephalic barrier was presented. The effect of interhemispheric asymmetry on the success of adaptation processes was analyzed. Today, the interaction between the cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system remained understudied. Study and evaluation of the structural and functional state of human's physiological functions are recommended to carry out taking into account the type of hemispheric dominance.