Abstract
کان الحديث النبوي يروى منذ زمن رسول الله -صلى الله عليه وسلم - وکان احتمال الکذب أو الخطأ عليه من قبل الرواة عنه واردا، ولاشک أن المرويات ينبغي أن يکون قد بدأ مع بداية الروايات؛ فتوجه هذا البحث إلى استخلاص المنهجية النقدية التي کانت مستعملة في عصر النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - من خلال دراسة الواقع التاريخي للروايات في عصر النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم – وأصحابه، ثم تحليل المواقف النقدية التي حصلت في زمنه الشريف، وفي زمن الراشدين بعده، وقد توصل الباحث إلى النتائج الآتية: إن النقد في العصر النبوي کان يعتمد على منهج واضح يتکون من مستويين: ظاهر، وخفي؛ وقد استمر عصر الراشدين على نفس المنهجية، ولکن توسعت تفاصيل هذا المنهج في زمنهم قليلا في المستويين کليهما بناء على التغيرات التاريخية التي طرأت، کما أن النقد الظاهر کان يتمحور حول نقد الراوي، فلا تقبل رواية الراوي الذي لا يؤمن کذبه –الفاسق – وأيضا: إن النقد الخفي کان يتمحور حول التحقق من سلامة رواية الثقة من الخطأ إذا حفت بها قرينة تشير إلى احتمال وجود ذلک، ومن الأدوات النقدية في عصر النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم -: سؤال الفقهاء من أصحابه عن صحة الرواية؛ لأنهم کانوا أقدر على ملاحظة انسجام الرواية مع ما يعرفونه من القرآن والسنة، وقد استمرت هذه الأداة في عصر الراشدين، کما أنه في عصر النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - توفرت أقوى الأدوات النقدية على الإطلاق وهو: سؤال النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - نفسه عن صحة ما يروى عنه، وقد فقدت هذه الأداة وعوض عنها الصحابة بسؤال مجموع أصحاب النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - وکانوا أعرف الناس بسنته؛ فعصرهم في القوة النقدية يأتي بعد عصر النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم – وقد ظهرت في عصر الصحابة الأحکام الظنية على الأحاديث في بعض الأحيان، کما ظهر منذ عصر الصحابة اختلاف النقاد في الحکم على المسائل الجزئية، وظهر في عصر الصحابة تفاضل النقاد في بلوغ مستوى الدقة النقدية، وظهر من نتيجة هذا البحث أن المحدثين في عصورهم المتتابعة لم يخرجوا عن حدود المنهجية النقدية التي کانت في عصر النبي وأصحابه من بعده، ولکن فقط توسعت التفاصيل. The Prophetic hadith has been narrated since the lifetime of the Messenger of God (pbuh). Naturally, both unintentional and deliberate mistakes of the narrators were somehow expected. There is no doubt that criticism of the accounts must have started with the beginning of narration. The present research paper is devoted to inferring the critical methodology used at the era of the Prophet (pbuh) through investigating the historical reality of the narrations in the lifetime of the Prophet (pbuh) and his companions. This is followed by an analysis of the critical attitudes that occurred in the significant eras of the Prophet (pbuh) and his rightly-guided caliphs. The study has reached the following conclusions: Criticism of hadith narration in the Prophetic era was based on a clear methodology consisting of two levels: one is explicit and the other implicit; the age of the rightly-guided caliphs continued to follow the same methodology. The details of this approach, however, expanded slightly in their time on both levels, based on the historical changes that took place then. The explicit criticism revolved around criticizing the narrators, so that a report or an account was rejected when its narrator could be someone inclined to lying, or known to be immoral. The implicit criticism was centered around verifying the authenticity of the narration of trustworthy narrators and making sure that one was free from error in the case a mistake was presumed. Among the means of criticism in the era of the Prophet (pbuh) was asking his learned companions about the authenticity of the narration, since they were more capable of observing consistence of the narration with their knowledge about the Qur’an and the Sunnah. This means of criticism continued in the era of the rightly-guided caliphs. In addition, there existed in the era of the Prophet (pbuh) the most efficient critical tool, namely asking the Prophet (pbuh) about the authenticity of narrations that he was reported to say. Although this means of criticism was of course missing after the lifetime of the Prophet (pbuh), the Prophet’s Companions made up for this by asking one another about his tradition, which they knew well. Therefore, their era was second to that of the Prophet (pbuh) in terms of its efficient criticism. In the era of the Companions, presumptive judgments on hadiths were sometimes made. Since their era, hadith critics have differed in judging some particularities of narrations. In the era of the Companions, hadith critics varied in their levels of critical accuracy. The present study concludes that scholars of hadith in their successive eras have not deviated from the clear lines demarcating the critical methodology that was in the era of the Prophet (pbuh) and his Companions after him. Nevertheless, it has expanded in its minute details.
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
More From: "مجلة کلیة الشریعة والقانون بأسیوط "دوریة علمیة محکمة
Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.