Влияние агротехнических мероприятий и мелиоративных защитных лесных насаждений на дефляцию почв Ростовской области

Abstract

Purpose: to study the deflation manifestation patterns on Rostov region soils in the cold and warm periods of the year, depending on the agricultural background, the projective cover of soil surface by plants and the availability of reclamation protective forest plantations. Materials and methods. Deflation studies were being carried out on the soils of Aksai and Orlovsky districts Rostov region from 1970 to 2022. Conventional research methods including the measurement of wind speed by anemometers, were used, the soil layer displaced by the wind was determined by the method of pins and dust collectors of authors own design. Results. During the period of dust storm from April 14 to April 21, 2003, the influence of the position and amount of stubble on soil removal under various methods of tillage was determined. During chisel tillage, the largest amount of stubble was noted – 250 pcs/sq. m, including the standing one – 110 pcs/sq. m and lying one of 140 pcs/sq. m. At the same time, there was a decrease in wind velocity from 10.9 m/s at a height of 0.8 m to 3.2 m/s at a height of 0.05 m. With more than 120 stubble pcs/sq. m remaining on the soil surface, the soil is protected from wind, and the removal of fine earth in these options is zero. The projective soil surface cover by plants is the next factor influencing deflation. When it decreases, the soil remains unprotected from wind gusts and soil removal increases, respectively, from 1 t/ha from a perennial grasses field up to 40–70 t/ha by non-moldboard plowing and up to 260–297 t/ha by moldboard plowing. Conclusions. To reduce the loss of fertile soil layer from deflation, it is recommended to carry out the basic tillage, leaving stubble and crop residues on soil surface, which reduce the wind velocity near the soil surface and prevent deflation.