Мусульманские подданные в имперской практике по аккультурации кавказских инородцев: исторический опыт Дагестана конца XIX - начала ХХ в. (на примере системы образования)

Abstract

Modern realities regarding educational policy in the regions dictate the need to be guided by many nuances in Russia. The importance of education for non-Russians was also perceived as one of the most important components of the policy of the Russian Empire in the periphery, the main function of which was the nationalization of the peoples of the outskirts. Taking into account the fact that in pre-revolutionary Russia the "national school" was considered as a Russian national school, it is obvious that the presence of schools of other nations, for which Russian was not the mother language, could not take place. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to consider issues related to the policy of acculturation in the national periphery by introducing the state language — Russian in all spheres of life, including in the field of education. Dagestan was specifically chosen as a geographic area for the study, as a region of other cultures, where the vast majority of the population professed Islam, and the education system from time immemorial was an extensive network of Muslim religious schools. In the time we are studying, the latter became part of the so-called. "Muslim question" in the context of the general development of the Caucasus region. The attempts made to implement the policy of the "school-religion" tandem, the essence of which was to direct the Gentiles to the Christian-Russian future by establishing foreign schools and parochial education, did not lead to positive results. The chronological framework of the work covers the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries. The choice of such temporary boundaries was caused by the peculiarities in the political development of Russia under the conditions of the post-reform imperial-liberal model and the building of new relationships with the Muslim part of the population of the outskirts. As a result, a direction was developed that combined the loyal and delicate attitude of the authorities, on the one hand, and the manifestation of caution regarding Islamic life in the region, on the other, which took place throughout the entire period studied by the authors of the article up to the revolution of 1917.