Abstract
US President Dwight Eisenhower suffered an acute myocardial infarction in 1955. But in Eisenhower’s case, the beginning was unusual. Furthermore, ECGs were not widely available, cardiac enzymes were not used as diagnostic tests, and echocardiography or coronary angiography were not available to emergency physicians or cardiologists. In the half century since Eisenhower’s heart attack, pioneering physicians have discovered and developed coronary arteriography, coronary bypass surgery, balloon coronary angioplasty, and coronary stents, discoveries that have greatly improved the outlook for patients with coronary heart disease. It revolutionized the treatment of coronary heart disease half a century after Eisenhower’s heart attack. Former President Bill Clinton is one of the millions who have benefited from these discoveries.
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