СЕЛЕКЦІЙНА СПРАВА УКРАЇНИ: ОСНОВНІ НАПРЯМКИ, ЗАВДАННЯ ТА ЗДОБУТКИ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ДЕЯКИХ ЗЕРНОВИХ ЗЛАКОВИХ І ТЕХНІЧНИХ КУЛЬТУР)

Abstract

The agricultural sector constitutes gross share of Ukraine’s economy. Throughout the history of our country, the most common types of cereals have been wheat and rye. From the 19th century a significant percentage of crop acreage has carried a crop of sugar beet. In the 20th century domestic crop breeders have bred a number of high-yielding varieties of cereals and industrial crops having good indicators. However, at the end of the last century, the crop breeding business, as well as the agricultural complex in general, was in crisis, from which it began to emerge only in recent decades. Therefore, studying the history of this science and the achievements of scientists is an important factor in overcoming the crisis in this field. It will also allow us to better understand the importance of grain and industrial crops for Ukraine. The main purpose of this paper is to characterize the stages of cereals and industrial crops selection based on the analysis of sources and literature. The paper also aims at defining the basic trends of research and tasks in this field. In the process of writing the publication were used general methods (analysis, comparison, synthesis, generalization) and general history (historical-chronological, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-systemic). The Article covers the history of selection work regarding the main cereal crops of Ukraine – wheat, rye, oats. It also covers one technical crop – sugar beet. The main emphasis is placed on the areas and key tasks that arose before scientists in the course of their work. The emphasis is made on the most common varieties of these crops. The publication describes the requirements for each of the presented crops, which are based on the cultivation of universal and high quality material. First of all, it is a selection to increase productivity, tolerance for winter conditions, drought hardness, grain quality, resistance to adverse pests and diseases, suitability for mechanized cultivation technology and other characteristics.