МУРОВАНІ ОБ’ЄКТИ КУЛЬТУРНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ З ПРИРОДНОГО КАМЕНЮ ЛІВОБЕРЕЖНОГО ПОДНІСТРОВ’Я: СТАН ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ТА ПРОБЛЕМИ РЕСТАВРАЦІЇ

Abstract

The article considers historical industrial, sacred and residential buildings and structures made of natural stone, located on the left bank of the Dniester within the Eastern Podillya. The paper fixates the technical condition, characterizes the features of the architectural appearance and design solutions of the masonry of the preserved objects. Among the objects of industrial architecture are considered wineries (Kamyanka, Vladimirovka, Yantarne), breweries (Kamyanka), cheese production (Kamyanka) and sugar (Rybnitsa) factories, mills (flour mill - in Popenki, water - in Bilochy, in Strointsy) and other. Untouched areas of grape terraces in the ruins of Kamianka have a complex of defects: potholes in the masonry (leads to loss of load-bearing functions), contamination of stone by decomposition products of organic and mineral composition, as well as biochemical damage (leads to internal stone destruction). Sacred objects are the oldest surviving architectural objects in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, made of stone from the middle of the 18thcentury to the beginning of the 19th century. Some of them are in ruins (the synagogue of the village of Rashkiv, the Church of the Intercession in the village of Rashkiv, the church of Kamyanka), some have been rebuilt (the church of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki, the church of St. Michael of Khrustov, the church of Paraskeva of Serbia). Zozulyany), part lost (Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God in Kamianka). Structurally, all temples have a wall structure on strip rubble limestone foundations. The ceilings could be simple - on wooden beams fixed in the field of load-bearing walls, and could be a dome (Paraskeva Serbian church in the village of Valya-Adynke), cross (Church of the Intercession, Rashkiv village, Rashkiv synagogue, Kam church) For the analysis of construction technologies, samples of mortar were taken from 8 historical objects within the modern Kamianka and Rybnytsia districts of Transnistria (the best preserved region of Transnistria, RM), which They were built in several stages (from the middle of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century) to preserve the holistic perception of the historical architectural image of the settlements of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova.