Население птиц Охотского моря и сопредельных вод Тихого океана и Японского моря в зимне-весенний период 2020 г.

Shipboard observations were conducted during the Sea of Okhotsk walleye pollock expedition in January–April 2015. The surveys showed that the modern winter avifauna of the open waters of the Sea of Okhotsk includes at least 19 species of seabirds. According to transect survey data, the average distribution density of all birds was 10.0 ind./km2. Alcids (47.9%), procellariids (33.1%), and larids (18.8%) dominated among the winter populations, while albatrosses and storm petrels each accounted for 0.1%. The short-tailed shearwater, fork-tailed storm petrel, black-legged kittiwake, red-legged kittiwake, pigeon guillemot, and tufted puffin were recorded in the inner part of the sea in the winter for the first time. The changes in seabird populations might be due to a significant reduction in the ice cover of the Sea of Okhotsk.

The work herein reported offers several suggestions, among which one might direct especial attention to: Calves wintered well, grazed on bluestem grass without other feed until Aug. 1 and then full-fed 100 days offer a practical and profitable method of marketing farm crops as well as grass. Calves handled as indicated above will make greater gains on a given amount of grain in a dry lot than on bluestem pasture after Aug. 1. Calves wintered with some grain, grazed to Aug. 1 and then full-fed in a dry lot should enable one to sell his cattle at near the top of the market. In each case cattle handled in this manner have sold within $.75 per cwt. of the top for long-fed yearlings the day of sale. There may not be a great deal of difference in the ultimate net returns from calves fed grain and those fed no grain during the winter period. However, one is surer of a sufficient amount of finish to command a high selling price if calves are fed some grain during the wintering period. Calves weighing approximately 350 pounds at the beginning of the feeding period are more desirable than heavier calves. They make more economical gains and find a better demand when finished. This method is particularly advantageous to the farmer who has bluestem grass and a limited amount of grain. The production of a finish that commands a price near the top of the market and slightly more than 600 pounds of gain from 40 bushels of corn reduces production costs and increases profits materially. Further possibilities for the production of a satisfactory market finish on yearlings with a minimum consumption of grain are seen in lots C and C1 where no grain was fed during the wintering period. The average of these two lots shows a production of nearly 600 pounds of gain from 27 bushels of corn.

Reed beds represent an important habitat for the survival of birds by providing favorable foraging and reproduction conditions. Reed management, as a traditional agricultural activity, primarily includes water level control and vegetation removal by cutting. Red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) is one of the most endangered cranes, and their population continues to decline due to habitat loss caused by artificial activities. A lack of research relating to how reed management affects crane habitat distribution patterns throughout the wintering period hinders our ability to offer conservation recommendations. In the present study, we explored the effect of reed management on the habitat distribution patterns and analyzed the food resources of red-crowned crane in the Yancheng National Nature Reserve (YNNR). According to the reed management activities in December, we divided the wintering period into two phases: the preharvest period and the postharvest period. Throughout the wintering period, the number of cranes recorded in the common seepweed (Suaeda glauca) tidal flats remained stable, but cranes were rarely recorded in the smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) tidal flats and aquaculture fish ponds. The number of cranes, however, showed a noticeable fluctuation in the reed beds during the two periods. Before the reed harvest, only a small proportion of cranes were recorded in the reed beds (relative abundance = 2.9%). However, more cranes (relative abundance = 61.0%) were recorded after the reed harvest. Water was introduced from adjacent rivers and fish ponds to submerge the cut reed beds. Changes in potential animal food resources (items and biomass) might be one of the vital reasons for the preference of cranes to the postharvest reed beds. Our results suggest that traditional reed management in the YNNR could benefit this flagship crane species that winters in the wetland system. However, as reed harvest has been forbidden in the core zone for conservation purposes since 2016, further research is needed to verify whether forbidding the harvest of reeds is reasonable.

1) This paper is based on the data obtained by r. v. Tansei Maru, between June 1977, and July in Sanriku offshore waters, the southern sea of Hokkaido, and the Okhotsk Sea, and reports the distribution and habits of Fulmarus glacialis and Puffinus tenuirostris.2) The southern limit of F. glacialis in summer was approximately 39°-30'N and a sea surface temperature of 20°C was regarded as appropriate.3) In areas where the sea temperature was 11-17°C F. glacialis and P. tenuirostris were abundant.4) In the Okhotsk Sea, a cold upwelling zone existed in the vicinity of 100m isobath and the density of F. glacialis and P. tenuirostris was very high. This zone was estimated to a food supply for sea birds.5) Large flocks of more than 20, 000 birds, P. tenuirostris were seen in the Okhotsk Sea.

Coastal shorebird species overlap at many wintering sites or migratory stopovers. However, each species is morphologically and physiologically specialised for reducing competition for space, time or habitat. A species can encompass several populations, sometimes designated as subspecies. Differences between populations, ages and sexes within the same species can also lead to segregation between individuals in a foraging area. In this study, we explored the non-breeding spatial and temporal overlap between two subspecies of the black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa on the central Atlantic coast of France (the Pertuis Charentais). The proportions of individuals of each sex and each age within the populations were assessed to explore differences in the wintering distribution. The subspecies L.l. islandica winters in the area from July to March whereas the subspecies L.l. limosa may stopover in the area during south- and northward migration. The two subspecies occasionally overlap at some sites just after the breeding period, and frequently in February and March. We also highlight two previously unknown features of the L.l. islandica population in this part of its distribution area. Firstly, we found a high proportion of juveniles among the individuals caught by mist-net throughout the winter period. An unexpectedly high proportion of the 10,000 individuals wintering in the Pertuis Charentais were juveniles. Secondly, there was a significant predominance of males in both age classes, but particularly among juveniles throughout the wintering period. That 59% of the godwits caught during the winter were male and that 56% of these were juveniles, suggest (1) strong age- and sex-related population structuring, and (2) a possible redistribution of these juveniles from the first winter to the next, or unequal survival of juveniles across the wintering grounds.

The East Asian–Australasian Flyway (EAAF) is experiencing notable population declines in its migratory waterbird species. Understanding the foraging ecology of these waterbirds, including ducks, is crucial for monitoring and safeguarding their food sources and wetland habitats. Here, we used a DNA metabarcoding approach to analyze fecal DNA from duck species to elucidate their dietary composition during the wintering period in a subtropical East Asian wetland. By employing multiple markers ( 18S , COI , and trnL ) targeting different taxonomic groups and levels, we offered a comprehensive dietary analysis for omnivores that consume both plants and animals. We revealed the dietary compositions of common migratory duck species and their intraspecific and interspecific dietary variations. While ducks are generally known to be omnivorous, Anas crecca (green‐winged teal) had a more specialized diet and was primarily herbivorous throughout winter. In contrast, the sympatric Mareca penelope (Eurasian wigeon) and Spatula clypeata (northern shoveler) exhibited more omnivorous foraging behaviors. Moreover, A. crecca displayed less dietary variation among samples, while samples of M. penelope and S. clypeata were highly variable in their compositions. Comparing our results with those of studies conducted in different regions, we found that the dietary compositions of these duck species varied to different degrees across geographic locations. This variation underscores the flexibility of these duck species in their diets and their adaptable foraging strategies. Our findings also indicate that grasslands rich in herbaceous plants and aquatic environments abundant with small aquatic invertebrates are vital foraging habitats for duck species during their winter period.

气候变暖使农作物种植北界发生了不同程度的北移。为研究冬小麦在陕北地区种植的适宜性, 本文选取了该地区榆林、绥德、横山、吴起和延安5个站点1961-2001年间40年的逐日温度数据进行整理分析, 研究该地区冬前积温、越冬期负积温、1月平均温度、生育期≥0 ℃积温和年极端最低温度等指标及变化情况, 通过热量指标评价陕西省冬小麦北移的可行性。结果表明, 陕北地区冬小麦越冬期负积温、1月平均温和生育期≥0 ℃积温都呈显著升高趋势, 其中, 越冬期负积温每10年升高36.2~71.7 ℃·d, 1月平均温度每10年升高0.32~0.61 ℃, 生育期≥0 ℃积温每10年升高44.1~88.7 ℃·d。此外, 年极端最低温也表现出升高趋势, 但不显著。而冬前积温在延安和吴起两站点分别以20.3 ℃·d·10a^-1和16.1 ℃·d·10a^-1的速率显著升高, 但榆林和绥德两站则有所下降。整体而言, 到2001年, 延安站各项气温指标都能满足北移冬小麦需要, 热量资源不会成为该地冬小麦北移的障碍; 吴起和绥德1月份平均温度偏低, 北移存在一定风险; 而榆林和横山因越冬期负积温和1月平均温度过低而存在较大风险, 不适合北移冬小麦的种植。

The lack of information on the protection status of birds in the winter period is a serious concern, as the survival of many populations depends on this period. Here, we consider the seasonal changes in distribution patterns of bird species in centralSpain to assess the value of protected areas (PA) for simultaneously conserving breeding and wintering avifauna. We used a stepwise algorithm of complementarity to select the minimum set ofUniversalTransverseMercator 10 × 10‐km squares containing all species at each period and then contrasted selected areas in order to test the degree to which breeding and wintering birds overlap. UsingGapanalysis, we identified areas that are still unprotected. Our results show both a weak correlation and a scant overlap between areas that are important for bird conservation during breeding and wintering periods. Thus, we conclude that valuable areas for bird diversity differ between seasons, implying that breeding hot spots are not good surrogates for overwintering hot spots. This paper addresses the need of identifying not only important areas for breeding birds, but also wintering birds, revealing potential gaps in currentPAnetworks. Future conservation policies should take these results into account in order to optimize bird conservation, especially considering that the appropriate protection of the bird species overwintering inSpain will, overall, benefitEuropean breeding populations.

Blood values of common cranes ( Grus grus) by age and season

Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were collected during winter 1982-83 in eastern Colorado and subjected to whole-carcass analysis to determine carcass composition and develop a physiological index. Condition index was defined as body fat/fat-free body weight. Multiple regression equations using body weight and wing length were highly correlated with total body fat in male (R2 = 0.643) and female (R2 = 0.679) mallards. When tested on an independent data set, fat predictor equations accurately estimated measured body fat (R2 = 0.796). Weight and wing measurements were easily obtained on live mallards under field conditions with high repeatability among observers (CV < 1%). By accounting for variability in structural size among birds, models were able to detect differences in body that were not detectable using body weight alone. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 49(3):564-568 Early studies of the endogenous reserves of live waterfowl used body weight as an indicator of nutritional status (Hanson 1962, Folk et al. 1966, Street 1975, Owen and Cook 1977). Implicit in this approach were the assumptions that: (1) lean body weight was constant within a species (Connell et al. 1960); (2) fat was most important in determining condition; and (3) structural size differences among individuals of a species did not affect conclusions about nutritional status. Later, researchers recognized that structural size biased based only on body weight, and condition indices were developed to eliminate such biases. Most have used the simple quotient of body weight divided by a measure of structural size such as wing, keel, tarsus, bill, or total body length, or a combination thereof. Whereas some researchers have used body measurements that correlate with lean body weight (Bailey 1979, Chappell and Titman 1983), skeletal weight (Wishart 1979), or total body fat (Woodall 1978), others have adopted arbitrary structural measurements (Harris 1970, Bennett and Bolen 1978) or ocular estimates (Owen 1981). We define as a measure of the chances of survival of an individual at a particular time of the year and/or of its potential for breeding successfully (Evans and Smith 1975). During winter, fat is the component of that is the most labile and potentially limiting to the mallard. In addition to serving as a supplemental energy source necessary for survival during winter periods of high energy demand and food scarcity (Jordan 1953), winter fat reserves may also provide a source of energy and nutrients used during reproduction (Krapu 1981). Waterfowl researchers are striving to understand the interrelationships among the breeding, post-breeding, and wintering periods. Energetics, with emphasis on the dynamics of nutrient reserves, is the common denominator linking these periods. A physiological index for the mallard, a species that serves as he focus for much duck research and management, would aid winter energetics studies by providing managers with a method to evaluate the biological effects of hunting regimes and habitat manipulations. The objectives of our study were to: derive an equation to predict total carcass fat of live birds; develop a index using estimated fat and a structural size measure; and test the index on a sample data set to evaluate its performance. The index had to be suitable for use in field situations on live birds, offer a major improvement over body weight alone in predicting condition, and be applicable throughout the winter period (late Nov-Feb) on birds of all sexes and age-classes. We acknowledge the help of G. M. Lorentzson in duck trapping and carcass preparation and especially thank J. F. Corey for his dedicated work on all phases of the study. D. C. Bowden offered guidance on statistical analyses. Many Div. of Wildl. employees assisted in trapping operations, particularly M. C. Creamer and G. Berlin. C. A. Weinland and M. L. Stevens conducted laboratory analyses and offer d valuable advice, and M. P. Schoenfeld coded and entered carcass and data. Thanks are extended to J. E. Black for manu-

This study evaluating marine biotoxins contamination level of mussel ( Perna Perna ) in the Mamelles Bay (Ouakam) of Dakar is the first report in Senegal. It took place over one year (from March 2018 to February 2019). Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) reference method (Regulation (EC) 15/2011 of 10 January 2011) was used to quantify marine biotoxins. Okadaic acid (OA) and its esters are the most problematic of all the researched biotoxins. They are present throughout most of the year, except September and November, with an average monthly concentration of 163 µg/kg, slightly above the regulatory limit (160 µg/kg). The sanitary status of the mussel shows two peaks of contamination, the first of which occurs in the rainy season (August) and the second in the cold season (December), with values equal to 654 and 802 µg/kg respectively 4 to 5 times higher than the regulatory threshold set by Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of 29 April 2004 supplemented by Regulation (EU) No 786/2013 amending its Annex III and Senegalese Order No 07951 of 12 May 2017. These two peaks coincide with (i) the wintering period, marked by continental land-based inputs due to rainwater runoff, but also with the temperature rise, or (ii) the cold period with the appearance of upwelling (upwelling of cold water, rich in nutrient salts). In addition to the chemical analyses carried out on the mussel, the research work on phytoplankton and the surveys of physicochemical parameters carried out on the water at the collection site show (i) the existence of toxic algae of the Dinophysis genus and Gambierdiscus , in June, i.e., one to two months before the first peak of contamination of the Perna perna by AO; (ii) also a coincidence between the appearance of these phenomena and variations in surface water temperature and salinity, which are determining factors in the appearance and development of harmful algal blooms. Concerning the other biotoxins investigated, in particular AZA and yessotoxins, it was noted that AZA was absent throughout the year, unlike yessotoxins, which were found in the flesh of Perna perna at concentrations below the regulatory limit set at 3750 µg/kg. The maximum being 51 µg/kg obtained in June, i.e., 73 times lower than the regulatory threshold. In the light of the results obtained, it appears that the periods of high contamination are the winter period and the upwelling period, which could lead to closure measures to guarantee the safety of the mussels. It would be interesting to extend the study to all other bivalve mollusks and gastropods, to carry out an inventory and quantify the toxic microalgae present in the water. To this end, the effectiveness of purification techniques would be tested. Keywords: Mussel ( Perna perna ), Marine biotoxins, Toxic microalgae, Mamelles, Dakar. DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/117-04 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

Effects of winter nutrition and summer pasture or a feedlot diet on plasma Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) and the relationship between circulating concentrations of IGF-I and thyroid hormones in steers

Wintering pits of semi-passable and river fish on the Lower Volga have historically had a protected status that prohibits any fishing in their waters. The wintering period is important in the life of semi-migratory and river fish, and directly affects the formation of their stocks. The process of pit formation in the Volga Delta is continuous. At the same time, some of the pits lose their fishing significance over time, while others, newly formed, on the contrary, have mass accumulations of fish, especially in the pre-winter and winter periods. The aim of the work was to study the structure of the fish population in the deep-water section of the river-a potential wintering pit. The seasonal and spatial dynamics of the species composition of the fish population, their concentrations in the pit and in the adjacent riverbed are shown. It is noted that the studied area is a typical wintering pit of the Volga river Delta, where common catfish Silurus glanis (Linnaeus, 1758), carp Cyprinus carpio carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) and walleye Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758), which form the basis of research (control) catches (more than 90%), lie for the winter. High indicators of the relative number of fish were observed throughout the study period, which indicates a high productivity of the deep-water object, in terms of the formation of pre-winter and winter concentrations, which is associated with favorable conditions for wintering semi-passable and river fish (depth, flow rates, etc.). The Pit meets the developed ichthyological criterion and is a place of mass concentrations of fish suitable for wintering. In order to preserve and restore the resource potential of the Lower Volga, the winter pit on the Yellow river should be recommended for inclusion in the List of winter pits of the fishing Regulations for the Volga-Caspian fisheries basin (Astrakhan region). The protected status of the site will allow you to remove the winter pit from the fishing zone, including Amateur fishing, preventing its looting in the future

Gate-controlled activities in lakes can directly or indirectly influence the assembly of waterbird communities. Shengjin Lake, a Ramsar site, is a typical river-connected and gate-controlled shallow lake in the lower and middle Yangtze River floodplain in China, comprising three sub-lakes (upper, middle, and lower) based on topographical features. We surveyed wintering waterbirds at Shengjin Lake from October 2022 to March 2023. We divided the winter water level period into nine phases based on the characteristics of water level changes. By measuring functional diversity, we aimed to provide insights into the differences in waterbird communities among the three sub-lakes under different water level conditions. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between habitat factors and functional diversity. We further explored the relationship between specific functional traits and habitat factors through a combination of the R-mode linked to the Q-mode and the trait-environment correlation matrix (fourth-corner analyses) to explain the mechanism underlying waterbird community assembly. When the water level fluctuated in the range of 10.43-10.74 m (Huanghai elevation), the three sub-lakes had significant habitat differences and high habitat heterogeneity, increasing functional richness and functional dispersion of the upper and lower lakes, both of which significantly differed from those of the middle lake. Habitat heterogeneity and mudflat habitats have positive effects on functional diversity. The difference in functional diversity was primarily determined based on the foraging traits and strata of waterbirds. Habitat filtering of particular traits is a major driving force underlying the assembly of waterbird communities. Overall, we suggest that the minimum water level in the wintering period at Shengjin Lake should be regulated between 10.43 and 10.74 m. These findings provide reasonable suggestions for water level regulation and a theoretical basis for conserving waterbird diversity at Shengjin Lake.

In June and July 1989, we surveyed adult pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) associated with potential nesting habitat along the west coast of Vancouver Island, B.C. We recorded 856 birds on 54 islands. Three islands accounted for 70% of the total, but 85% of nesting aggregations held 1-10 birds. No breeding sites were found on Vancouver Island shorelines, probably due to a lack of suitable nest-sites inaccessible to ground predators. On occupied islands, a variety of nest-site types were used, largely reflecting their availability. Numbers of adult pigeon guillemots were correlated significantly with numbers of apparently occupied nests of other surfacenesting birds, that is pelagic cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus), glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens), and black oystercatcher (Haematopus bachmani). A seasonal movement to inshore waters, away from the exposed western coastlines of Vancouver Island in winter, probably reduced the effect on this species from the Nestucca oil spill off northwestern Washington in the 1988-89 winter. Pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) are inshore diving seabirds, which nest in cavities or burrows along most coastlines between southern California and northwestern Alaska, usually on small islands or on large cliffs, in sites relatively inaccessible to mammalian ground predators (Ewins 1993). The majority of the North American population is thought to breed in Alaska and British Columbia, yet there have been few extensive surveys there (Sowls et al. 1978, Rodway 1988, Emms and Morgan 1989). Pigeon guillemots are highly vulnerable to oil pollution because they spend most of their lives in the water (King and Sanger 1979, Piatt et al. 1990, Ewins 1993). On Vancouver Island they have been found to accumulate a wide range of environmental contaminants in body tissues, including relatively high concentrations of mercury (Noble and Elliott 1986). They have potential as effective indicators of ecosystem health in inshore waters, and this has been recognized in Alaska following the Exxon Valdez oil disaster (Piatt et al. 1990, K. Kuletz, pers. comm.), and recently in Washington's Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program (Mahaffy and Divoky 1993). Traffic of oil tankers and other shipping is heavy off the west coast of British Columbia's Vancouver Island, and the Nestucca oil spill off Gray's Harbor, Washington, during the 1988-89 winter, killed approximately 56,000 seabirds off Vancouver Island and Washington (Rodway et al. 1989, Burger 1992). Both pigeon guillemots and black guillemots (C. grylle) are difficult to census accurately (Ainley and Boekelheide 1990, Ewins et al. 1993). Attendance at guillemot colonies varies dramatically in relation to time of day, weather, sea conditions, tidal state, and stage of the breeding season (Petersen 1981, Cairns 1984, Ewins 1985, Nelson 1987, Vermeer et al. 1 993a). It is difficult to assess population trends from most previous census data because surveyors have not allowed for variation in these factors; most population data has been collected during surveys of other seabird species, conducted at various times of day and at different stages of the breeding season. Furthermore, guillemot nests are hard to find (Ewins 1993). Systematic counts now concentrate on adults frequenting colonies in the early stages of the breeding season, usually in the early morning and around high tide (Ewins 1985, Vermeer et al. 1993a). Despite these censusing problems, a general idea of breeding range and the relative importance of colonies in an area can be obtained by