Применение низкотемпературных технологий для предотвращения аварийных ситуаций на море и реках при добыче, эксплуатации и транспортировке углеводородного сырья

Abstract

The paper highlights the chemically hazardous objects of marine and river infrastructure: offshore drilling platforms and oil production platforms; pipelines transporting liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels along the sea bottom and above the ground; marine tankers transporting oil, fuel oil, gaseous and liquid ammonia; coastal terminals handling and shipping hydrocarbon raw materials, distillation products; gas producing plants and oil refineries; storage facilities for chemi-cally hazardous substances, etc. There are proposed new technologies for combating oil emissions during deep-water drilling, as well as for safe ways of transporting hydrocarbons through subsea pipelines and by oil tankers. These technologies are based on the methods of using low-temperature freons and cryogenic liquids. There are considered the methods of using machine cooling technologies, where the cascade refrigeration units work on various refrigerants, as well as using solid carbon dioxide and liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen having a low boiling point (about minus 196C) has a higher rate of seawater freezing and forms stable ice layers on flat and cylindrical surfaces. There are given the examples of the experimental data to determine the growth rate of ice in the water frozen by liquid nitrogen. There has been given the chart of an underwater cryo-cuvette consisting of a metal panel with sockets, heat-insulated barrels, a tank for storing liquid nitrogen, 
 a nozzle for filling the cryoagent, adjusting eyebolts, an object for freezing and transportation, and a safety valve. The underwater cryo-cuvette is designed to work with barrel-shaped objects. Envi-ronmental safety of transportation and production of natural hydrocarbon raw materials is signifi-cantly improved in the course of operation of the new technologies.