Italy Research Articles

КІНЕЦЬ ЕПОХИ БЕРЛУСКОНІ –ГІРКИЙ ПРИСМАК ПОЛІТИКИ. ЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ НАДБАННЯ

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of Berlusconi, his political activity in the Parliament of the Italian Republic from the perspective of linguistic gainings, in other words, considering the enrichment of italian political vocabulary within the political life of Italy, appearance of neologisms, idioms and other derivatives, related with this odious man. We deliberately translate “calice” as “flavour” instead of “cup”, to highlight the danger of the usurpation of power, since the new lexicon, which appeared during the ministry of Berlusconi, almost always carries a negative connotation. With the development of his political activity, on each stage of his lightning fast career new lexicon, related with his personality, appears.

CONSTITUTIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL CONDITIONS FOR CIVIC EDUCATION IN THE ITALIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM (PROLEGOMENA)

At European level, civic education is enshrined in the Treaty of Lisbon. This treaty confirms the concept of European citizenship. In particular, Art. 9 of the Treaty states that everyone who holds the nationality of an EU Member State is also a citizen of the European Union. Furthermore, Art. 2 of the Treaty establishes the imperative of respect for fundamental rights, including freedom, democracy, equality and solidarity. In Italy, civic education is already enshrined (albeit indirectly) in the Constitution of the Italian Republic. Art. 3 of the Italian Constitution establishes the principle of equality of all citizens before the law, regardless of sex, race, language, religion, political convictions, personal and social conditions. The effort to respect these values requires an adequate level of civic knowledge and, in addition, a certain sense of responsibility on the part of the inhabitants and, in particular, of the citizens of the Italian Republic. Civic education is essential to meet the challenges of the current national, European and even global context of building civil society. Therefore, the key challenge is to promote civic education and awareness and to support actions that appear to be instrumental in its consolidation.

APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE

Considering today’s challenges to medicine and provision of social protection to vulnerable population groups, the issue of developing pediatric palliative care is relevant and crucial. The aim of the study is to analyze the development level of pediatric palliative care in Ukraine and European countries. Material and methods: analysis and generalization of data from scientific-methodological and specific literature, documentary materials, information resources on the Internet, and regulatory and legal frameworks of Ukraine, the Republic of Poland and the Republic of Italy. Research results. The goal of pediatric palliative care is to support the child and their family as soon as a life-threatening disease is diagnosed. Such care is provided throughout the entire trajectory of the child’s disease. Pediatric palliative care is aimed at improving the level of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being of the child and their family within the limits of the diagnosed incurable, often progressive, disease. The solution of multidisciplinary tasks requires the work of an interdisciplinary team in a palliative inpatient department, a mobile crew, and assistance at home. The family-centered model of pediatric palliative care is one of the unique models of supporting the family to adhere to a series of socio-medical interventions and maintenance of intra-family communication, avoid social deprivation of the family, and promote and coordinate the care of a child with an incurable disease. Conclusions. Palliative pediatric care contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of the child and their family. Pediatric palliative care in Ukraine and the world needs solving a range of problems related to financing and specialized education of specialists and parents of the child. The functioning of the inpatient and mobile pediatric palliative care team should be coordinated and continuous. The family-centered model is an effective approach to pediatric palliative care for the child and family.

The President’s Influence on the Formation of the Government on the Example of the Italian Republic

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the legal, primarily constitutional, constraints that govern the formation of the government of the Italian Republic and the involvement and significance of the President of the Republic in this process. The study is conceived as a synthesis of legal and socio-political perspectives, aimed at examining this pivotal yet complex process for the state. Considering the constitutional foundations that underlie the government formation procedure, the study first examines the legal limitations on the actions and duties of the President in that process. The interaction between the exercise of the head of state’s powers and their limitations, both by legal regulations and established constitutional precedents, is subjected to scrutiny. The role of the President, viewed through the lens of the boundaries of the authority of the office, is characterized, in conclusion, by the delicate balance between discretion and the legal and political-constitutional constraints on the President’s actions. While the study mainly concerns the circumstances surrounding the establishment and ultimate selection of the Meloni cabinet, it can be viewed as a notable addition to the overall analysis of the President’s influence on the formation of the government in politically fractured and divided Italy.

EU migration policy: policy of humanism vs threat to national security

Uncontrolled migration sweeping Europe is a priority of the political leadership led by a number of European states such as France, Italy, as well as their allies in the United States. The climate crisis in Europe also plays an important role here, which can be resolved, according to Germany, with the help of future “new citizens” who arrived from countries in Africa and the Middle East, exclusively with a Muslim population. What are the migration and immigrant policies in EU countries? How is the immigration policy of European countries being transformed? A detailed analysis of the current state of affairs in Europe is based on official data from the national statistical services of Germany, France, Great Britain, the Ministry of European Integration of the Republic of Serbia, the Department of Civil Liberty and Immigration of the Italian Republic, as well as international organizations - the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Eurostat, World Bank. The article examines the security problem in connection with the penetration of radical Islam along with refugees. The authors reveal the consequences of the migration crisis in Europe and make an attempt to answer the question: is the reception and integration of refugees an act of humanity or a problem of national security for EU countries.

The Principle of Solidarity Within the Italian Constitution. Recent Issues and Developments in the European Context.

The Constitution of the Italian Republic asserts the principle of solidarity in a particularly evident manner and marks one of the clearest instances and one of the most strongly enshrined manifestations of that principle within Europe. The centrality and pervasive way this watchword of the contemporary political and legal lexicon is used takes on a particular depth in the light of the immense tragedy of the migrants crossing the Mediterranean Sea, who for several years now have been knocking on the doors of Europe day after day, with a profound effect on the Old Continent. The word solidarity has taken on an even more dramatic depth since Russia launched an unprovoked war of aggression against its peaceful neighbour, Ukraine, resulting in a significant armed conflict in Europe and an increase in the number of refugees and asylum-seekers from Ukraine. In contrast to the weak and uncertain European solidarity towards those migrants who reach its southern boundaries, the EU’s solidarity towards the Ukrainian people has been clear and evident.

Elaborazione e cambio linguistico: considerazioni sulle ‘lingue minori’ sull’esempio della scritturalità friulana

Abstract Since Friulian has been recognized as a minority language by the region Friuli-Venezia Giulia (1996) and by the Italian Republic (Law 482/1999), the elaboration process has been accelerated and intensified. Friulian has advanced into text types in which it had not been used before, such as scientific papers, administrative texts, journal articles, etc. In order to fulfill the needs of these new communicative purposes, an extensive and intensive elaboration of language is needed. This happens on the one side through a conscious codification process, especially by intense lexicographical activity, and on the other side “by doing”. In both cases, the influence of more elaborated languages – mainly of Italian, but partially also of other languages, especially English – plays a central role. Lexical items, but also morphological processes and syntactical structures are borrowed from these languages. This fact has structural consequences on Friulian, and, in the long run, could cause a typological change. After a brief outline of the recent history of the elaboration of Friulian and its legal framework, I will focus on some morphological and syntactical structures: the formation of relational (denominal) adjectives instead of prepositional phrases (which also triggers some less productive morphophonological patterns) and the borrowing of Italian adjectives and nouns derived from a present participle, provoking Friulian loan formations, although in Friulian present participles are no usual grammatical structures. In the end, I will focus on stâ+gerund periphrases, which are built on the Italian model. These are compatible with some aktionsart verb classes that the ‘genuine’ Friulian aspectual periphrases jessi che+indicative present or imperfect and jessi daûr a+infinitive cannot be used with and therefore it can be seen as a change in the semantic-syntactic system of Friulian.

Information networks of healthcare professionals in Europe on older adult vaccines: Network analysis

Abstract Background and objectives Healthcare professionals (HCP) have a key role in raising awareness and informing older adult patients about vaccines. However, HCPs are sometimes unaware of existing vaccines or have little knowledge on them. This study aimed to identify the information flows within HCP networks and to find out which HCPs play a key role in interprofessional information transfer. Methods An online questionnaire was distributed in Hungary (HU), Italy (IT), the Netherlands (NL) and France (FR) among HCPs, such as general practitioners (GP), medical specialists (MS), public health physicians (PHP), pharmacists, specialists elderly care (SEC) and nurses. The questionnaire included a case study in which a new vaccine for older adults was about to be made available. HCPs were asked whom they would contact for additional information and by whom they would be contacted on their turn, to reveal the information flow. Data were analyzed using social network analysis, comparing the results between countries. Results Preliminary results show the top three information providers. These were identical for NL and IT, with the MS being contacted by the highest number of different HCP-types, followed by the GP and PHP. FR and HU had GP ranked first and MS second. The PHP ranked also third in HU, but in FR it was the geriatrician instead. The main requesters of information were pharmacists (IT, HU), GPs (NL) and community nurses (FR). Hospital nurses (IT, FR), SEC (NL) and GPs (HU) ranked second on the number of HCP-types they would contact for information on a new vaccine. Conclusions In each country GPs and MS were the most important information providers in the HCP network when a new vaccine is introduced. Main information requesters varied per country and were pharmacists, GPs, nurses, and SEC. Thus, GPs were both main information providers and requesters (NL, HU). Key messages • Our study identified the HCP-(information)network regarding (new) vaccines for older adults. GPs and MS are the main providers of information, while pharmacists, nurses, and GPs are main requesters. • Identifying the HCPs in the information network makes it possible to specifically target key HCPs and to provide them with tailormade information on new vaccines.

Formulae of oath and licensing of pharmacists during the Napoleonic Italian Republic and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy

Formulae of oath and licensing of pharmacists during the Napoleonic Italian Republic and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy

Data inconsistencies do not allow valid modelling of the Italian COVID epidemic

We tried to monitor the epidemic of Covid-19 in Italy between February 22 and March 30 using the data disclosed by the Italian “Protezione Civile”.

Italy: Political Developments and Data in 2022

AbstractThe year 2022 was (again) a year of intense political change in Italy. The President of the Republic was (re)elected in January, Prime Minister Mario Draghi resigned in July, and new elections were held in September, amidst energy and economic crises, growing inflation and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The electoral victory of the centre‐right coalition, and in particular the success of Brothers of Italy, not only marked the rise to power of a prominent European far‐right party but also led to the nomination of the first female Prime Minister of the Italian Republic. The fall of Draghi's government and the formation of the first Meloni Cabinet raised questions about Italy's relationship with EU institutions, NATO and the transatlantic partnership.

Constitutional reform of 2020 reducing the number of members of Parliament in Italy: towards the rationalization of the parliamentary system?

The article aims to analize the nature and systemic implications of the constitutional reform carried out in the Italian Republic in 2020, which reduced the number of members of the chambers of parliament. It was the first revision of the Italian constitution since 2001 that was approved in a nationwide referendum, which was the condition for the entry into force of the amendment (two other constitutional revisions: from 2005 and 2016, were rejected in a referendum vote). The concept of rationalization of parliamentarism has been adopted as the leading theoretical reference in this text. The initial research question focused on to what extend the postulate of rationalization of the Italian parliamentarism was achieved by the way of undertaken initiatives to revise the constitutional order. The analyzes carried out allowed to formulate a proposal to explain the potential of rationalization of parliamentarism within the so-called partial reform in the face of failures in implementing comprehensive reforms.

Real-world treatment patterns of triple-class refractory (TCR) multiple myeloma (MM) across the United States (US), Canada, and western Europe: A retrospective chart study.

e18826 Background: Many patients with MM relapse or become refractory to various therapeutic approaches and typically cycle through many lines of treatment. The present study sought to understand how patients with TCR MM (ie, refractory to ≥1 PI, ≥1 IMiD, and ≥1 anti-CD38 therapy) are managed across various countries. Methods: A non-interventional, retrospective chart review study was conducted across the US, Canada (CA), the UK, France (FR), Germany (DE), Italy (IT), and Spain (ES). Oncologists/hematologists were recruited to abstract medical chart information into an electronic case report form from eligible MM patients (eg, refractory to ≥1 IMiD, ≥1 PI, and ≥1 anti-CD38 antibody treatment, ECOG≤2, and initiated their first therapy after their TCR status [ie, their index therapy] between 1/1/2018 and 12/31/2020 to ensure at least 1 year of follow-up). Abstractions were performed from January through April 2022. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment patterns were descriptively analyzed and reported here. Results: N = 314 patients with TCR MM were included (56.7% male; median age = 70). Clinical characteristics were similar to other TCR MM studies (eg, 26.1% had an ECOG score of 2, 25.8% had high cytogenetic risk (ie, t(4:14), t(14:16), and/or del(17p), and 10.2% had extramedullary disease). Patients received a median of 3 treatment lines prior to their index therapy, with 70 unique treatment regimens reported as part of their index therapy line (Table 1). The most common regimens (> 10%) were Pd and Kd. Conclusions: This global chart review across the US, Canada, and Western Europe highlights the consistent lack of a standard of care for the management of MM among patients who are refractory to the three main classes of therapies. [Table: see text]

Sultan Murad II's Policy towards Italy and the Balkans (1421-1451 AD)

Objectives: The study aims to study a crucial period in Ottoman history in the Balkans prior to the conquest of Constantinople, along with the foreign relations with Italy. The alliance between the Balkans and the Italian Republic posed a significant threat to the Ottoman Empire and presented a major obstacle to the conquest of Constantinople. The study comprises four main areas of focus such as a brief biography of Sultan Murad II, relations with the Italian Republic, the Union of Hungary and Serbia, and open Arnaut (Albania).
 Methods: The study adopts a critical historical narrative analysis approach to examine the events. Authentic Ottoman sources, as well as modern Turkish and foreign studies, serve as the primary references. Additionally, translated Arabic studies and research are mentioned in the list of resources and references section.
 Results: This research has revealed several important findings. One significant outcome pertains to the restoration of Albania under the dominance of the Ottoman Empire, which contributed to political stability in the Balkans.
 Conclusions: The victories and factors explored in this study ultimately played a role in the conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Muhammad al-Fateh, the son of Sultan Murad II, in 1453 AD.

ECJ 22 December 2022, case C-404/21 (INPS and Repubblica italiana) Miscellaneous, Pension

ECJ 22 December 2022, case C-404/21 (INPS and Repubblica italiana) Miscellaneous, Pension

The ‘presidential accordion’ in times of crisis: is it still well tuned?

ABSTRACT The article analyses the role of the President of the Italian Republic (PoR) as it relates to the process of government formation during the political, economic, and pandemic crises of the last three legislatures. The analysis focuses on the political actions of Giorgio Napolitano and Sergio Mattarella, the two Presidents of the Republic elected (and re-elected) as heads of state during those crises. To explain how the PoR operates when forming a government, the article examines the conditions allowing the functioning of the ‘presidential accordion’, i.e. the expansion and contraction of the presidential powers in the process of government formation. The presidential accordion hypothesis has been supported by many empirical studies focussing on the role of the PoR in the Italian parliamentary system. The aim of this study is further empirically to test the hypothesis in order to verify whether profound exogenous crises, such as recent economic and pandemic crises, can be considered as independent or intervening variables strengthening or weakening the PoR in the Italian political system.

The silent constitution: the presidency of Republic between constitutional provisions and actual powers

ABSTRACT The living constitution was considerably transformed in the delicate and lengthy transition between the First and Second Italian Republics. These changes have also concerned the role and functions of the president of the Republic. In the last three legislatures, there has been much use of the renowned metaphor of the accordion of presidential power, which expands and contracts according to the role played by the parties in the political system. For although the Constitution has remained unchanged, this period has seen two important ‘exceptional’ responses by presidents to serious political crises: first, the appointment of prime ministers from outside of Parliament and the parties, the so-called governments of the president; and second, the second terms of Giorgio Napolitano in April 2013 and Sergio Mattarella in January 2022. But is this extreme expansion of the accordion really sufficient to demonstrate that we have stronger presidencies? An in-depth analysis of Napolitano’s and Mattarella’s responses to the critical junctures in the political system in fact paints a more complex picture. This article is divided into four parts. The first part analyses the two ‘longest presidencies’ from the perspective of the presidentialisation of the political system. The second outlines the key critical phases of Napolitano’s and Mattarella’s periods in office, with a focus on their ‘governing’ function, as permitted by the silent constitution. The third focuses on the dynamics of the second elections. Finally, the fourth highlights the most significant transformations within the silent constitution over this period.

Features of the external cultural policy of the Italian Republic in the countries of the post-Soviet space (on the example of the relations between Italy and Uzbekistan)

The active development of international relations in the conditions of globalization provokes an increase of the interest towards the individual countries. In this context there occurs a shift in the emphasis within the framework of the state's foreign policy towards attracting political interest in the country through the mechanisms of "soft power". The author examines the features of the Italian external cultural policy and observes its resources which are promoted within the framework of creating a positive image of Italy in the Asian countries, in particular, in Uzbekistan as a post-Soviet space country. Novelty of the research consists in the necessity of an overview of activities of Italian official actors promoting a positive image of a country taking into consideration the apparent shift of the vector of international relations and cultural diplomacy towards the Central Asia region accured with the arrival of a new decade of the XXI century. It also leands to the implementing different approaches of the "soft power" policy depending on the country of presence. With the use of general scientific methods such as analysis and interpretation of information and forecasting, it becomes possible to present a detailed consideration of the components of Italian national culture and the official events conducted by official actors of the Italian external cultural policy. The article is also aimed at finding out the approaches of choosing platforms for promoting the identified resources of the Italian "soft power". The study reveals the Italian culture components promoted in Uzbekistan, studies the directions and spheres they are present and evaluate the prospects for work in the furtherance of the Italian "soft power" resources promoted within the external cultural policy of the Italian Republic in the region of Central Asia.

The European Vector of Italy’s Foreign Policy

The foreign policy of the Italian Republic is implemented in three key areas: European, Atlantic and Mediterranean. This article examines the European vector of Italian politics, the characteristic features of this direction and its evolution in the XX–XXI centuries. The Italian Republic has played a significant role in the process of European integration, taking an active part in all key initiatives of this process since the 1960s. In the second half of the XX — early XXI centuries european policy has become a tool for Italy to strengthen its own status in the international arena, and an active position in the integration processes is a way to stand on a par with the leaders of the European space. It is Europeanism, along with Atlanticism, that became the basis of the foreign policy concept of Italy in the second half of the XX century and determines the political image of the country and its position in the international arena. In this context, it is especially important that the foreign policy dimension of Italian politics is closely linked to the domestic political situation in the country. At the beginning of the XXI century, there are outbursts of euroscepticism in the country associated with the problem of migration and dissatisfaction with supranational authorities in times of crisis, such as COVID-19. Europeanism, however, remains a key dimension of the country’s foreign policy.

THE ECONOMISTS AND THE PRESS IN ITALY FROM THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL FASCISM: THE CASE OF LUIGI EINAUDI

Luigi Einaudi was an authoritative Italian economist and a leading representative of economic and political liberalism in Europe. After the Second World War, he became governor of the Bank of Italy and president of the Italian Republic. This paper analyzes his role as opinion maker from the end of the nineteenth century until the 1920s, when he was a leading columnist atLa Stampaand theCorriere della Sera, the most influential newspapers in Italy at that time. It focuses on the scope and limits of Einaudi’s efforts to broaden consensus in Italian public opinion on the principles of economic liberalism and free competition. To this end, it investigates Einaudi’s journalistic style, his views on the role of the newspapers, and his large following among the public. Further sections analyze the main issues tackled by Einaudi in his articles in theCorriereand the systematic work of propaganda he enacted during World War I to convince the Italian households to reduce consumption and to finance the military expenditure. A final section deals with the “reconstruction program” devised by Einaudi in the early 1920s with the aim of restoring price stability and fiscal restraint, his efforts in theCorriereto propagate this program, and his forced retreat from journalism after the beginning of the fascist regime in 1924–25.