Vertical Line Research Articles

Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and Scoliosis: A Mid-Term Cohort Study.

Retrospective cohort study. To elucidate the factors related to progression of scoliosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using longitudinal cohort data. Thirty percent of patients with RA have lumbar scoliosis. However, the effectiveness of current treatment methods in preventing the progression of scoliosis is not well-understood due to a lack of longitudinal studies. We enrolled 180 patients with RA who were followed up for over two years, all of whom underwent standing spinal X-rays. These patients were categorized based on their disease activity score-28 with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) into two groups: those in remission (n=76) and those in non-remission (n=104). We evaluated various radiographic measures, including C7 center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL), pelvic obliquity, major Cobb angle, and curve location. Fifty-three (29.4%) patients presented progression of scoliosis during a mean follow-up period of 4.8 years. Patients in the non-remission showed larger Cobb angle at baseline and final follow-up, compared to those in remission. The annual progression rate of the curve was also greater in the non-remission group (1.04 degree /year), than in the remission group (0.59 degree /year, P=0.001). There was no difference in the incidence of new vertebral fractures. The presence of a baseline cobb angle of 10 degree or more (OR: 3.14; 95% CI: 1.38-7.13; P=0.006), glucocorticoid use (OR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.18-7.06; P=0.021), and non-remission at baseline (OR: 2.83; 95% CI: 1.25-6.41; P=0.012) were significant risk factors for progression of scoliosis. RA disease activity is linked to progression of scoliosis in patients with RA. Patients with RA who present with an initial scoliosis of 10 degrees or greater, require glucocorticoids for treatment and are in non-remission at baseline may be at high risk for scoliosis progression.

An OLED display driver IC with high‐gain fast‐slew circuit and on‐the‐fly self‐repair technique for high‐resolution display

AbstractThis paper presents an OLED display driver IC with high‐gain fast‐slew (HGFS) and on‐the‐fly self‐repair (OFSR) circuits for a spatial resolution of WQHD and a frame rate of 120 Hz. The proposed HGFS circuit increases the slewing current of the unity‐gain amplifier of the source driver when the input voltage is largely changed, reducing the settling time of the source driver as the resolution and frame rate increase. To enhance image quality by correcting line defects, the OFSR circuit replaces a faulty channel with a spare dummy channel. The OLED display driver IC was manufactured using a 28‐nm high‐voltage process with 8 V/20 V transistors and has 2880 source drivers for WQHD display. The measurement results indicate a horizontal line time of 2.7 μs with a slew rate of 7.675 V/μs, supporting WQHD resolution and 120‐Hz frame rate. The displayed image demonstrates that the vertical line defect has disappeared with the use of OFSR.

Bottom‐bounce ray angle subspace detector in the shadow zone of deep water

AbstractPassive source detection is a challenging problem in the shadow zone, where the sound is contributed primarily by bottom‐bounce rays. The conventional beamforming detector (CBFD), which utilises the sound energy from a single direction, suffers potential significant performance degradation in the multipath‐signal scenario. The matched field detector (MFD) offers optimal performance by exploiting full‐wave field characteristics but is limited due to its reliance on prior ocean environmental knowledge. The authors demonstrate that the incident sound on a near‐surface vertical line array in the shadow zone can be approximated as a coherent sum of two plane waves that share a symmetric arrival angle about the horizontal. This leads to the signal subspace depending only on the arrival angle, which the authors call the bottom‐bounce ray angle subspace (BRAS). With generalised likelihood ratio test theory, the authors further derive the BRAS detector (BRASD). It can utilise the full signal energy under the premise of weak environmental knowledge requirements and is generally superior to the CBFD. Simulation results in a typical deep‐water channel under different source‐position and array configuration conditions demonstrate the effectiveness of the BRASD and suggest that it can even offer a performance comparable to that of the MFD under specific conditions.

Risk of Cephalic Vein Injury During the Creation of an Anterior Portal in Shoulder Arthroscopy.

There is a risk of cephalic vein injury during shoulder arthroscopy. However, limited data regarding its anatomic course are available. To analyze the positional relationship and factors affecting the distance between the coracoid tip and cephalic veins. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. A total of 80 contrast-enhanced computed tomography images from 80 patients (mean age, 49.6 ± 20.3 years; 61 men) were retrospectively analyzed. The distance between the center of the coracoid tip and the vertical line through the cephalic vein was measured in the axial (D1) and sagittal (D2) planes. The distance between 1 cm lateral to the center of the coracoid tip and the vertical line through the cephalic vein was measured in the sagittal plane (D3). Each distance was compared according to patient sex and laterality. Associations between each distance and the patient's age, height, weight, and body mass index were investigated. The mean D1 was 18.4 ± 7.3 mm in 59 patients. The mean D2 was 23.4 ± 11.6 mm, and it was within 10 mm in 10 patients (12.5%). The mean D3 was 33.7 ± 12.2 mm. There was no significant difference in D1, D2, and D3 according to patient sex or laterality. A positive correlation was observed only between D3 and patient height (r = 0.320; P = .034). The cephalic vein was found to travel a mean of 23.4 mm distal and 33.7 mm distal to 1 cm lateral to the coracoid tip. Therefore, Care should be taken to avoid cephalic vein injury when creating an anterior inferior portal or 5-o'clock portal around these areas.

Reducing the time to activation of the emergency call system in operating theatres: effect of installing vertical red line indicators

BackgroundThe 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (NAP7) recommended that an emergency call system be immediately accessible in all anaesthesia locations. It is essential that all theatre team members can rapidly call for help to reduce the risk of patient harm. However, the ability of staff to activate this system in a timely manner can be affected by cluttered or unfamiliar environments and cognitive overload. One proposed strategy to enable rapid identification and activation of emergency call systems is to install a red vertical painted stripe on the wall from the ceiling to the activation button. We investigated the effect of introducing this vertical red line on activation times in operating theatres in the UK and Australia. MethodsOperating theatre team members, including anaesthetists, surgeons, anaesthetic nurses, surgical and theatre nurses, operating theatre practitioners, and technicians, were approached without prior warning and asked to simulate activation of an emergency call. Vertical red lines were installed, and data collection repeated in the same operating theatres 4–12 months later. ResultsAfter installation of vertical red lines, the proportion of activations taking >10 s decreased from 31.9% (30/94) to 13.6% (17/125, P=0.001), and >20 s decreased from 19.1% (18/94) to 4.8% (6/125, P<0.001). The longest duration pre-installation was 120 s, and post-installation 35 s. ConclusionsThis simple, safe, and inexpensive design intervention should be considered as a design standard in all operating theatres to minimise delays in calling for help.

Inference of source signatures of merchant ships in shallow ocean environmentsa).

An ocean acoustics experiment in 2017 near a shipping lane on the New England continental shelf in about 75 m of water provided an opportunity to evaluate a methodology to extract source signatures of merchant ships in a bottom-limited environment. The data of interest are the received acoustic levels during approximately 20 min time intervals centered at the closest position of approach (CPA) time for each channel on two 16-element vertical line arrays. At the CPA ranges, the received levels exhibit a frequency-dependent peak and null structure, which possesses information about the geophysical properties of the seabed, such as the porosity and sediment thickness, and the characterization of the source, such as an effective source depth. The modeled seabed is represented by two sediment layers, parameterized with the viscous grain shearing (VGS) model, which satisfies causality, over a fixed deep layered structure. Inferred estimates of the implicit source levels require averaging an error function over the full 20 min time intervals. Within the 200-700 Hz band, the Wales-Heitmeyer model captures the inferred frequency dependence of the source levels.

Extra-articular screw placement strategy in Stoppa approach based on three-dimensional reconstruction model

The study aimed to explore an extra-articular screw placement strategy in Stoppa approach. Radiographic data of patients who underwent pelvic computed tomography from January 2016 to June 2017 were imported into Materiaise’s interactive medical image control system software for three-dimensional reconstruction. Superior and lower margins of acetabulum and ipsilateral pelvic brim could be observed simultaneously through inlet-obturator view. A horizontal line from superior acetabular margin intersected pelvic brim at point “A” and another vertical line from lower margin intersected pelvic brim at point “B” were drawn, respectively. Lengths form sacroiliac joint to “A” (a), “A” to “B” (b), and “B” to pubic symphysis (c) were measured. Patients were divided into four groups depending on gender and side difference of measured hemi-pelvis: male left, male right, female left, and female right. Lengths of adjacent holes (d) and spanning different holes (e) of different plates were also measured. Mean lengths of a, b, c in four groups were 40.94 ± 1.85 mm, 40.09 ± 1.93 mm, 41.78 ± 3.62 mm, and 39.77 ± 2.23 mm (P = 0.078); 40.65 ± 1.58 mm, 41.48 ± 1.64 mm, 40.40 ± 1.96 mm, and 40.66 ± 1.70 mm (P = 0.265); 57.03 ± 3.41 mm, 57.51 ± 3.71 mm, 57.84 ± 4.40 mm, and 59.84 ± 4.35 mm (P = 0.165), respectively. Mean d length of different plates was 12.23 mm. Average lengths spanning 1, 2, 3 and 4 holes were 19.33 mm, 31.58 mm, 43.80 mm, and 55.93 mm. Our data showed that zones a and c could be safely inserted three and four screws. Penetration into hip joint could be avoided when vacant 3-hole drilling was conducted in zone b. Fracture line in zone b could serve as a landmark for screw placement.

Femoral Neck Fractures with Concomitant Ipsilateral Femoral Shaft Fractures in Young Adults &lt;50 Years Old: A Multicenter Comparison of 80 Cases vs. Isolated Femoral Neck Fractures

OBJECTIVES: To analyze patients, injury pattern, and treatment of femoral neck fractures in young patients with femoral neck fractures associated with shaft fractures (assocFNFs) to improve clinical outcomes. The secondary goal was to compare this injury pattern to that of young patients with isolated femoral neck fractures (isolFNFs). METHODS: Design: Retrospective multicenter cohort series Setting: 26 North American Level-1 trauma centers Level of Evidence: Level III Patient Selection Criteria: Skeletally mature patients, &lt;50 years old, treated with operative fixation of a femoral neck fracture with or without an associated femoral shaft fracture. Outcome Measures and Comparisons: The main outcome measurement was treatment failure defined as nonunion, malunion, avascular necrosis, or subsequent major revision surgery. Odds ratios for these modes of treatment were also calculated. RESULTS: Eighty assocFNFs and 412 isolFNFs evaluated in the study were different in terms of patients, injury patterns, and treatment strategy. AssocFNF patients were younger (33.3±8.6 vs. 37.5±8.7 years old, p&lt;0.001), greater in mean BMI (29.7 vs. 26.6, p&lt;0.001), and more frequently displaced (95% vs. 73%, p&lt;0.001), “vertically oriented” Pauwels’ type 3, p&lt;0.001 (84% vs. 43%) than for isolFNFs, with all p values &lt;0.001. AssocFNFs were more commonly repaired with an open reduction (74% vs. 46%, p&lt;0.001) and fixed angle implants (59% vs. 39%) (p&lt;0.001). Importantly, treatment failures were less common for assocFNFs compared to isolFNFs (20% vs. 49%, p&lt;0.001) with lower rates of failed fixation/ nonunion and malunion (p&lt;0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). Odds of treatment failure (OR=0.270, 95% CI=0.15-0.48, p&lt;0.001), nonunion (OR=0.240, 95% CI=0.10-0.57, p&lt;0.001), and malunion (OR=0.920, 95% CI=0.01-0.68, p=0.002) were also lower for assocFNFs. Excellent or good reduction was achieved in 84.2% of assocFNFs reductions and 77.1% in isolFNFs (p=0.052). AssocFNFs treated with fixed angled devices performed very well, with only 13.0% failing treatment compared to 51.9% in isolFNFs treated with a fixed angle constructs (p=&lt;0.001) and 33.3% in assocFNFs treated with multiple cannulated screws (p=0.034). The study also identified the so-called “shelf sign”, a transverse ≥6mm medial-caudal segment of the neck fracture (forming an acute angle with the vertical fracture line) in 54% of assocFNFs and only 9% of isolFNFs (p&lt;0.001). AssocFNFs with a shelf sign failed in only 5 of 41 (12%) of cases. CONCLUSIONS: AssocFNFs in young patients are characterized by different patient factors, injury patterns, and treatments, than for isolFNFs, and have a relatively better prognosis despite the need for confounding treatment for the associated femoral shaft injury. Treatment failures among assocFNFs repaired with a fixed angled device occurred at lower rate compared to isolFNFs treated with any construct type, and assocFNFs treated with multiple cannulated screws. The radiographic “shelf sign” was found as positive prognostic sign in more than half of assocFNFs and predicting a high rate of successful treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Meteorological drought monitoring in Kızılırmak Basin, Türkiye

Drought, a major phenomenon impacting water resources, viability, sustainability, and the economy, has been one of the most important hydrological concerns. In the literature, it has been classified into four groups that are meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socio-economic. Meteorological drought expresses the precipitation deficits when they are significantly below those recorded normal times. In this study, using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and mean monthly precipitation records of 17 stations which have been obtained from the General Directorate of Meteorology of Türkiye, a drought monitoring analysis has been conducted for Kızılırmak Basin, which is the second largest water basin of the country and water source of many provinces allowing for the time scales of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months considering the cases of “dry” (SPI ≤ − 1.5) and “wet” (SPI ≥ 1.5). To detect the possible trends in two categories of Severe and Extreme Drought, SED (SPI ≤ − 1.5), and Severe and Extreme Wet, SEW (SPI ≥ 1.5) of all time scales, a developed form of innovative trend analysis (ITA) is performed by adding two vertical lines. In addition, a traditional the Mann–Kendall test is applied to the SPI series. The findings indicate that dry occurrences tend to outnumber wet occurrences across various time scales. Analysis reveals that a significant majority of results across all time scales exhibit a consistent trend (89%), with a notable increase in the SEW category (62.74%) and a decrease in the SED category (60.78%). Mann–Kendall analysis demonstrates that 67% of the observed trends show a decrease, while 33% show an increase across all time scales.

Framing brand concept of vertical line extensions: The moderating role of believability

AbstractThis article examines the influence of framing a brand's concept as functional versus symbolic in the advertising of a new vertical line extension. In this research, we carried out two online experiments and collected data from 415 participants recruited from MTurk to investigate the moderating role of believability on the effect of brand concept framing on consumers' purchase intentions of vertical line extensions. The results indicate that (i) consumers evaluate a vertical extension advertising message more positively when it is framed in a consistent manner with the targeted price/quality segment and not with its parent brand or existing product line and that (ii) this effect is moderated by consumer believability such that an advertising framing effect is found for high, but not low, in believability. Perceptions of category fit mediate the relationship between framing brand concept and the evaluation of the extension. This study contributes to the advertising and marketing literature by exploring how consumers can interpret brand concept framing in advertising messages of vertical line extensions differently depending on their level of believability and, in turn, influence their purchase intentions.

Marginal Integrity of Different CAD/CAM Monolithic Ceramic Crowns with Vertical and Horizontal Finish Line Preparations

Marginal Integrity of Different CAD/CAM Monolithic Ceramic Crowns with Vertical and Horizontal Finish Line Preparations

Scoliosis and Lower Limb Inequality: To Lift or Not to Lift, That Is the Question.

In subjects with scoliotic alterations of the spine, asymmetrical lengths of the lower limbs are frequently observed, a condition commonly referred to as leg length inequality (LLI) or discrepancy (LLD). This asymmetry can induce pelvic misalignments, manifested by an asymmetric height of the iliac crests, and consequently an alteration of the spine's axis. Although correcting this discrepancy might appear to be a straightforward solution, further investigation may reveal other indications. The purpose of this article is to aid clinicians confronted with the decision of whether to compensate for an LLI in individuals with scoliosis, encompassing both adolescents and adults. It presents a literature review on the incidence of LLIs in the general population, distinguishing between structural LLI (sLLI) and functional LLI (fLLI) types of LLIs, and quantifying their magnitude with clinical and instrumental evaluation. Additionally, it links these two types of LLIs to the type of scoliosis (structural or functional). From a clinical perspective, it also examines the compensatory mechanisms employed by the pelvis in the presence of structural or functional LLIs in order to draw useful indications for therapeutic decisions. Moreover, it proposes an additional evaluation parameter in the coronal plane, namely the central sacral vertical line (CSVL), to aid in the decision-making process regarding LLI compensation. Although this parameter has been documented in the literature, it has been little associated with LLIs. The findings indicate that scoliotic discrepancies should be compensated (conservatively or surgically) only when the imbalance of the femoral heads is on the same side as the imbalance of the sacrum and the iliac crests; this corrective action should result in a reduction of the overhang in the coronal plane.

Optimal Timing of Starting Growing Rod Treatment for Early-onset Scoliosis

Background ContextGrowing rod (GR) systems require periodical surgical intervention and may cause associated complications, as well as worsened sagittal plane deformity. Generally, the risk of complications decreases with increment in age at the time of the index surgery with GR construct placement. However, the optimal timing to begin GR treatment has not reached a consensus yet. PurposeThis study was performed to investigate the effect of age at the index GR surgery on the complication rates and formulate clinical guidelines for the optimal timing to begin GR treatment for EOS patients. Study DesignKaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine complication occurrence as a function of the age at the index surgery and to determine the survival rates for the procedures. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine optimal cut-off values for the optimal timing of index surgery based on whether complication occurred or not. Patient Sample54 patients who met the criteria were enrolled in this study. Outcome MeasuresThe following spinal parameters were measured: major coronal Cobb angle, global kyphosis (GK), and coronal balance (CB). CB was defined as the horizontal distance from the C7 plumb line to the center sacral vertical line. MethodsAll patients had completed GR treatment and had a minimum 1-year follow-up duration after the final surgical intervention. Patient data were collected as follows: age at the index surgery, gender, diagnosis, type of GR construct, and the number of lengthening procedures. The standing full-spine radiographs were obtained before and after the index surgery, before and after each lengthening procedures, before and after the final surgical intervention, and at the latest follow-up. Complications were categorized as implant, alignment, and general. ResultsKaplan-Meier analysis of complications demonstrated a declining trend in complication rates with increasing age at the index surgery. The absence of perioperative complications was targeted, we constructed the ROC curve and the cut-off value was 71.0 months. Age at the index surgery was therefore categorized into two groups: younger-age group (≤ 71.0 months) and advanced-age group (> 71.0 months). There was a higher complication rate for the younger-age group than versus the advanced-age group (61.5% vs 22.0%, P=0.011). PJK as a major alignment-related complication, was more frequent in the younger-age group than in the advanced-age group (30.8% vs 4.9%, P=0.025). But the advanced-age group exhibited significantly more severe deformities before GR surgery compared to the younger-age group. ConclusionsThis study shows that the elevated risk of complications observed in the younger-age group, which can be attributed to the younger age at the index surgery and the increased number of lengthening procedures during treatment. We suggest deferring the initiation of GR treatment until after the age of six years for EOS patients. We hope it will serve as a basis for GR technique in the treatment of EOS, with the ultimate goal of enhancing treatment outcomes for this challenging disorder.

A Novel Underground Culvert Detection and Positioning System Projected along the Public Vertical Line

The limitations of existing procedures make it difficult to locate and identify old subterranean culverts in urban infrastructure management. In order to effectively manage urban infrastructure, subterranean pipe culverts must be accurately located and detected. In this research, we investigate the method of computing the shortest distance from the point to the ellipse and propose a pipeline collision detection method based on the projection of the direction of the common perpendicular. In the positioning accuracy test, we simulate the detection of straight and curved paths and obtain satisfactory results; the experimental results show that the detection errors are within acceptable limits for different azimuth and bending angles; in the correctness test, we compared with AutoCAD and ArcGIS, and found that the algorithm in this paper shows superiority in collision detection, especially when dealing with complex spatial relationships and large amounts of data, with evident efficiency advantages. Through theoretical analysis and experimental verification, we demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the method.

한국서예사에서 왕희지 집자비의 출현과 전개

This paper is to look into the appearance and development of the stele written in the characters of Wang Xizhi(王羲之 集字碑, Wang Xizhi jipjabi), the famous calligrapher of the Eastern Jin in China. I compared the characters of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of the Unified Silla(統一新羅) and Goryeo(高麗) dynasties in Korea with those of the T’ang(唐) dynasty in China. As a result, I found out the characteristics of the writing of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Korean through the similarity and difference.&#x0D; Wang Xizhi jipjabi was first built in the late 7th century in T’ang dynasty. To that effect, it was first built in the 8th century in the Unified Silla dynasty. The first of the Unified Silla is Hwangboksa Stele(皇福寺碑), the second Mujangsa Stele(鍪藏寺碑) built in 801, the last Sarimsa Stele(沙林寺碑) built in 886. Of the three, the last is the only one identified by the writing of the stele. Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Goryeo in existence is Ingaksa Stele(麟角寺碑) built in 1295.&#x0D; In China, most emperors since Taizong(太宗) were fond of Wang Xizhi’s calligraphy. Accordingly, Wang Xizhi jipjabi was mostly built by the imperial order, and collecting characters was mainly performed by the Buddhist monk. The typical ones are Jizi Shengjiaoxu(集字聖敎序) in the reign of Gaojong(高宗), Xingfusi Stele(興福寺碑) in the period of Xuanjong(玄宗), and Diamond Sutra(金剛經) in the time of Wenjong(文宗). Following the tradition of China, in Korea, monk collected Wang’s characters by the king’s order as well.&#x0D; The characters of Hwangboksa Stele of the Unified Silla resemble those of Jizi Shengjiaoxu of T’ang. The characters and description form of the head sentence of Mujangsa Stele are similar to those of Jizi Shengjiaoxu, so Mujangsa Stele can be considered as Wang Xizhi jipjabi. There is a strong possibility that a monk collected the characters of Mujangsa Stele like Jizi Shengjiaoxu and Xingfusi Stele. Especially, he would be the monk of Hwangryongsa(皇龍寺) because the character ‘皇龍寺’ was engraved on the end of the first line. The name of compiler Kim Yukjin(金陸珍) is written above ‘皇龍寺’.&#x0D; In general, the first the name of compiler and next that of writer were recorded in the sentence on the stele. As Wen Fanggang(翁方綱) of Qing(淸) mentioned in the record of Kim Jeonghi on the left side of Mujangsa Stele, the three strokes on the upper part of the character ‘崇’ on the stele is identical to those of Lantingxu(蘭亭序) Wang wrote in 353. It is one of the evidences that Mujangsa Stele is Wang Xizhi jipjabi.&#x0D; And the point that the space between character is regular although only vertical lines were drawn, that the writing includes the bush stroke of the regular script, and that the characters carry personal characteristics rather resemble to those of Ingaksa Stele of Goryeo. Therefore, it is highly possible that monk Jukje(竹虛) who collected Wang’s characters for the writing of Ingaksa Stele copied the writing of Mujangsa Stele.&#x0D; The form of characters is similar to that of T’ang stelae because Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Korea is based on those of China. But the the style of writing is different each other. The writings of T’ang are flowing due to the brush strokes of the running script, but those of the Unified Silla and Goryeo is stiff due to those of the regular script. In addition, a few characteristic characters on the stelae of the Unified Silla and Goryeo resemble each other. It means that monk Jukhe would see the writing of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of the Unified Silla, following those of T’ang. Therefore, it can be said that Wang Xizhi jipjabi of the Unified Silla influenced on that of Goryeo.&#x0D; Meanwhile, the writing of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Goryeo influenced by the Unified Silla is better than that of the Unified Silla that influenced on Goryeo. The reason is that the running and grass scripts were prevalent in the Goryeo society due to

한국서예사에서 왕희지 집자비의 출현과 전개

This paper is to look into the appearance and development of the stele written in the characters of Wang Xizhi(王羲之 集字碑, Wang Xizhi jipjabi), the famous calligrapher of the Eastern Jin in China. I compared the characters of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of the Unified Silla(統一新羅) and Goryeo(高麗) dynasties in Korea with those of the T’ang(唐) dynasty in China. As a result, I found out the characteristics of the writing of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Korean through the similarity and difference.&#x0D; Wang Xizhi jipjabi was first built in the late 7th century in T’ang dynasty. To that effect, it was first built in the 8th century in the Unified Silla dynasty. The first of the Unified Silla is Hwangboksa Stele(皇福寺碑), the second Mujangsa Stele(鍪藏寺碑) built in 801, the last Sarimsa Stele(沙林寺碑) built in 886. Of the three, the last is the only one identified by the writing of the stele. Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Goryeo in existence is Ingaksa Stele(麟角寺碑) built in 1295.&#x0D; In China, most emperors since Taizong(太宗) were fond of Wang Xizhi’s calligraphy. Accordingly, Wang Xizhi jipjabi was mostly built by the imperial order, and collecting characters was mainly performed by the Buddhist monk. The typical ones are Jizi Shengjiaoxu(集字聖敎序) in the reign of Gaojong(高宗), Xingfusi Stele(興福寺碑) in the period of Xuanjong(玄宗), and Diamond Sutra(金剛經) in the time of Wenjong(文宗). Following the tradition of China, in Korea, monk collected Wang’s characters by the king’s order as well.&#x0D; The characters of Hwangboksa Stele of the Unified Silla resemble those of Jizi Shengjiaoxu of T’ang. The characters and description form of the head sentence of Mujangsa Stele are similar to those of Jizi Shengjiaoxu, so Mujangsa Stele can be considered as Wang Xizhi jipjabi. There is a strong possibility that a monk collected the characters of Mujangsa Stele like Jizi Shengjiaoxu and Xingfusi Stele. Especially, he would be the monk of Hwangryongsa(皇龍寺) because the character ‘皇龍寺’ was engraved on the end of the first line. The name of compiler Kim Yukjin(金陸珍) is written above ‘皇龍寺’.&#x0D; In general, the first the name of compiler and next that of writer were recorded in the sentence on the stele. As Wen Fanggang(翁方綱) of Qing(淸) mentioned in the record of Kim Jeonghi on the left side of Mujangsa Stele, the three strokes on the upper part of the character ‘崇’ on the stele is identical to those of Lantingxu(蘭亭序) Wang wrote in 353. It is one of the evidences that Mujangsa Stele is Wang Xizhi jipjabi.&#x0D; And the point that the space between character is regular although only vertical lines were drawn, that the writing includes the bush stroke of the regular script, and that the characters carry personal characteristics rather resemble to those of Ingaksa Stele of Goryeo. Therefore, it is highly possible that monk Jukje(竹虛) who collected Wang’s characters for the writing of Ingaksa Stele copied the writing of Mujangsa Stele.&#x0D; The form of characters is similar to that of T’ang stelae because Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Korea is based on those of China. But the the style of writing is different each other. The writings of T’ang are flowing due to the brush strokes of the running script, but those of the Unified Silla and Goryeo is stiff due to those of the regular script. In addition, a few characteristic characters on the stelae of the Unified Silla and Goryeo resemble each other. It means that monk Jukhe would see the writing of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of the Unified Silla, following those of T’ang. Therefore, it can be said that Wang Xizhi jipjabi of the Unified Silla influenced on that of Goryeo.&#x0D; Meanwhile, the writing of Wang Xizhi jipjabi of Goryeo influenced by the Unified Silla is better than that of the Unified Silla that influenced on Goryeo. The reason is that the running and grass scripts were prevalent in the Goryeo society due to

Tooth profile design and meshing characteristics analysis of internal meshing gears based on variable center meshing line

A design method of internal meshing gear based on variable center meshing line (VCML) is presented in this paper. The meshing line is an arc line connecting the intersection of the indexing circle connecting the inner and outer gears and the intersection of the tooth top circle, and the center of the line of engagement freely slides on the vertical bisection line of the line connecting the two intersection points. The top tooth profile equation of internal and external gears is derived by rack equation. According to the normal method of gear profile, the equation of gear root meshing line is derived by using the tooth top profile equation of the gear. According to the principle of plane meshing, the root profile equation of gear is derived by using the root meshing line equation of gear. The tooth profile of VCML gear can be deduced quickly by adjusting the center position of the meshing line. The stress, meshing stiffness, transmission error, contact ratio and sliding ratio of the VCML gears are analyzed by finite element method, and the area of significant performance improvement of the meshing line center of the VCML gears is found. The research results show that compared with involute gears, the maximum average stress of VCML gears is reduced by 64.99%, the meshing stiffness is increased by 193.67%, and the transmission error is reduced by 65.95%. This method improves the efficiency of new tooth profile design and transmission performance. By changing the center coordinates of the meshing line, the tooth profile of the VCML gear can be quickly redesigned, which greatly improves the efficiency of the new tooth profile design and transmission performance. This design method provides a new idea for the tooth profile design of internal meshing gear.

Modelling and Optimization of Machined Surface Topography in Ball-End Milling Process.

In order to optimize machined surface topography, this paper presents a novel algorithm for simulating the surface topography and predicting the surface roughness of a ball-end milling process. First, a discrete workpiece model was developed using the Z-map method, and the swept surface of a cutter edge was represented using triangular approximation. The workpiece surface was updated (i.e., material removal process) using the intersection between the vertical reference line and the triangular facet under a cutting judgement. Second, the proposed algorithm was verified by comparing the simulated 3D surface topography as well as 2D surface profile and average roughness (Sa) with experimental measurements. Then, numerical simulation examples planed by the Box-Behnken design methods were carried out to investigate the Sa in the ball-end milling operation. The correlations of Sa and cutting parameters were represented by a response surface reduced quadratic model based on the ANOVA results. Finally, the feed per tooth, radial depth of cut, and tilt and lead angles were optimized for improving the machining efficiency under the Sa constraints. This study presents an effective method for simulating surface topography and predicting the Sa to optimize the cutting parameters during ball-end milling process.

Corrective mechanisms of motion extrapolation.

Transmission and processing of sensory information in the visual system takes time. For motion perception, our brain can overcome this intrinsic neural delay through extrapolation mechanisms and accurately predict the current position of a continuously moving object. But how does the system behave when the motion abruptly changes and the prediction becomes wrong? Here we address this question by studying the perceived position of a moving object with various abrupt motion changes by human observers. We developed a task in which a bar is monotonously moving horizontally, and then motion suddenly stops, reverses, or disappears-then-reverses around two vertical stationary reference lines. Our results showed that participants overestimated the position of the stopping bar but did not perceive an overshoot in the motion reversal condition. When a temporal gap was added at the reverse point, the perceptual overshoot of the end point scaled with the gap durations. Our model suggests that the overestimation of the object position when it disappears is not linear as a function of its speeds but gradually fades out. These results can thus be reconciled in a single process where there is an interplay of the cortical motion prediction mechanisms and the late sensory transient visual inputs.

Zeros of modular forms and Faber polynomials

AbstractWe study the zeros of cusp forms of large weight for the modular group, which have a very large order of vanishing at infinity, so that they have a fixed number of finite zeros in the fundamental domain. We show that for large weight the zeros of these forms cluster near vertical lines, with the zeros of a weight form lying at height approximately . This is in contrast to previously known cases, such as Eisenstein series, where the zeros lie on the circular part of the boundary of the fundamental domain, or the case of cuspidal Hecke eigenforms where the zeros are uniformly distributed in the fundamental domain. Our method uses the Faber polynomials. We show that for our class of cusp forms, the associated Faber polynomials, suitably renormalized, converge to the truncated exponential polynomial of degree .