Use Of Fossil Fuels Research Articles

ABSTRACT Electromobility plays a key role on the path toward a sustainable society, where electrification of freight transports can mitigate climate change by decreasing the use of fossil fuels, reducing noise, and improving air quality. For heavy trucks there are several challenges and aspects to consider. Among these are estimating total cost, estimating energy consumption, deciding on charging locations and capacity, fleet mix, and how to make route planning. Many companies are making investment decisions to introduce electric trucks without accurate information or any practical experience on these aspects. One reason is the lack of electric heavy trucks in actual operation and information on their use available. We present and analyze the performance from the first two years of operation of the world’s first fully battery electric timber truck at the forest company SCA operating in Sweden. The analysis is based on quantitative data from the Scania battery electric timber truck with more than 65,000 kms of operation, as well as qualitative data from unstructured interviews with persons involved in developing and operating the truck, both inside and outside SCA. The analysis provides important information and experiences of the transport, energy consumption based on multiple measurement systems and estimations, total cost, and a sensitivity analysis comparing diesel and electric heavy trucks using the most important input including electric and diesel price, purchasing price, government subsidies, C02 emission reduction, and charging downtime. From this, it is clear how electrical trucks can be competitive.

This study investigates the effects of high levels of photovoltaic (PV) generation on the unbalanced distribution network using the quasi-dynamic simulation method on DIgSILENT PowerFactory. We are motivated by the need to diversify the national energy matrix, following the power blackout that occurred in Ecuador in 2024 and the energy limitations characterized by the use of fossil fuels. For this purpose, we deployed the simulation of the PJM 13-Node Test Feeder, which is a low-voltage distribution network and mimics the U.S. system, and represents a realist distribution network with residential and commercial load profiles. We simulated realistic PV generation dynamics for a typical day, capturing stochastic solar irradiance, ambient temperature variation, and the impacts of cloud cover. In those conditions, PV generation reached 31.6% of the system total load. We found that during peak irradiance hours, the voltage levels on certain nodes, predominantly low-load buses, exceed nominal levels. The average power factor is noted to diminish by 0.90 p.u to 0.82 p.u at the feeder bus, and further drops to 0.35 p.u at the most PV-penetrated site. While distributed PV generation can effectively reduce line loading and improve energy efficiency, without reactive power compensation, the highest penetration PV generation scenario could result in deterioration of voltage stability and power quality. The prescribed quasi-dynamic framework is practical and computationally feasible, allowing for the assessment of operational performance of distribution networks with high renewables penetration.

A growing interest in renewable energy sources has been observed for over a decade. This stems from the need to reduce the use of fossil fuels, the processing of which leads to significant environmental pollution. Implementing unconventional energy technologies is not only crucial but also their proper management and optimization. This is particularly crucial in hybrid systems based on multiple energy sources. With this in mind, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature was conducted, relating to research on these systems implemented in academic facilities between 2009 and 2025. The focus was on these facilities because universities, and particularly their research laboratories, increasingly play a key role in the creation, research, development, and implementation of hybrid energy systems. The study utilized professional software: Bibliometrix and VOSviewer. The bibliographic database was created using the most popular international scientific platforms, Web of Science and Scopus. Evolution of research trends and intensive development of research on the management and optimization of hybrid energy systems implemented in academic infrastructure were observed. Analysis of the results showed that, since 2009, there has been a transition from basic research on the efficiency and optimization of renewable energy sources, through the integration of various technologies and the development of management methods, to contemporary issues related to digitalization, energy storage, and economic analysis.

The use of fossil fuels and the intense industrialization of Pakistan have led to the acceleration of environmental degradation, which increases the cost of health and climate susceptibility. The shift to renewable energy source, technological achievements, and evidence-based policy are necessary to ensure economic stability, forestry protection, and preserve human health. The paper examines the correlation between green energy and sustainability in Pakistan between the years 1990 and 2022 with the help of the ARDL estimation. The explanatory variables are the consumption of renewable energy, industrial output, the importation of technology, the involvement of labor, research and development, tourism, urbanization and non-renewable energy consumption. The dependent variables will be environmental degradation, growth in economy and population health. According to the results of the Model 1 (Environmental Sustainability Model), renewable energy, foreign direct investment, tourism, and technological innovation decrease the environmental degradation, and fossil fuel use and industrial activity increase it. According to Model 2 (Economic Sustainability Model), renewable energy, industrial production, investment, labor force participation, innovation, and tourism are the economic growth enablers, but non-renewable energy also plays a role in the short run. Model 3 (Social Sustainability Model) also shows that population health is enhanced by renewable energy, tourism, labor engagement, and innovation, and it is adversely affected by fossil fuels, investment, and industrial activity. The findings highlight why Pakistan needs to increase its solar, wind, and hydropower. The study is based on the 3Ps theory (People, Planet, Profit) and emphasizes that renewable energy could be adopted to improve the social well-being, decrease ecological stress, and stimulate the economic development in the long term.

Global warming is a critical issue today, largely due to the widespread use of fossil fuels in everyday life. One promising solution to reduce reliance on conventional energy sources is to promote the use of renewable power. In particular, to encourage the use of renewable energy in industrial sectors which involve development and manufacture of the industrial artifacts, there is continuous demand for tracing energy sources within the production processes. However, given a sophisticated industrial product that involves diverse and extensive components and their suppliers, the traceability analysis across its production is a critical challenge for ensuring the full utilization of renewable energy. To alleviate this issue, this paper presents a functional framework to support tracing the usage of renewable energy by integrating the Large Language Models (LLMs) and logic programming across supply chain networks. Specifically, the proposed framework contains the following components: (1) adopting graph-based models to process and manage the extensive information within supply chain networks; (2) using the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) techniques to support the LLM for processing the information related to supply chain networks and generating relevant responses with structured representations; and (3) presenting a logic programming-based solution to support the traceability analysis of renewable energy regarding the responses from the LLM. As a case study, we use a public dataset to evaluate the proposed framework by comparing it to the RAG-based LLM and its variant. Compared to baseline methods solely relying on LLMs, the experiments show that the proposed framework achieves significant improvement.

Historically, ecological destruction has often been an unintended byproduct of human activity. However, the accelerating impacts of climate change – driven by industrialisation, deforestation and the unchecked use of fossil fuels – have exponentially escalated harm to ecosystems. In contemporary times, the effects of climate change on the environment are increasingly severe. The term ‘ecocide’ has emerged to describe the systematic degradation of the natural world, with far-reaching consequences, and it is linked to migration. However, its intersection with climate migration is undeveloped. Also, in that context, while all displaced populations face severe challenges, children are uniquely vulnerable due to their developmental needs, limited capacity to adapt and dependence on stable social structures. Children face heightened health risks, educational disruption, exploitation and psychosocial stress. Yet, in the current international legal regime, there is a notable gap in the protection specifically addressing the displacement of children. This article examines the nexus between ecocide and the climate migration of children, proposing actionable legal reforms to bridge existing gaps in Africa.

Climate change is fuelled by the continued growth of global carbon emissions, with the widespread use of fossil fuels being the main driver. To achieve a decarbonisation transition of the energy mix, the development of clean and renewable fuels has become crucial. Ammonia is seen as an important option for decarbonisation in the transport and energy sectors due to its zero-carbon emission potential and renewable energy compatibility. However, the high energy consumption and carbon emissions of the conventional Haber–Bosch method limit its sustainability. A green ammonia synthesis system was designed using ECLIPSE and Excel simulations in the study. Results show that at a recirculation ratio of 70%, the system’s annual total energy consumption is 426.22 GWh, with annual ammonia production reaching 8342.78 t. The optimal system configuration comprises seven 12 MW offshore wind turbines, integrated with a 460 MWh lithium battery and 240 t of hydrogen storage capacity. At this configuration, the LCOE is approximately £5956.58/t. It shows that incorporating renewable energy can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but further optimisation of energy storage configurations and reaction conditions is needed to lower costs. This research provides a reference for the industrial application of green ammonia in the transportation sector.

"This article discusses the manner in which Omar El-Akkad’s dystopian novel American War (2017) portrays the future civilizational decline of the American South, which is embroiled in a second civil war against the North in the aftermath of environmental transformations and climate insecurity that had prompted the federal government to outlaw the use of fossil fuels. My analysis focuses on the representation of the United States as a declining petroculture and on the attempts by the seceding South to preserve their fossil fuel-based economy and way of life at the expense of millions of lives and a heavily receding landscape. I argue that, by looking at the conflict through the lens of the more recent war on terror, not only does the narrative bring home the societal breakdown in the Middle East, similarly driven by the glorification of oil and by heavy militarization, but it also forces Americans in the position of the radicalized displaced people from heretofore remote corners of the world."

The increased expansion of agricultural areas in central Brazil has been cited as a contributing factor to deforestation, soil degradation and water pollution. The impact of this expansion extends beyond the boundaries of the territory of the Xavante indigenous group. These protected areas have experienced a marked decline in available food resources and an unreliable energy supply. The term “indigenous bioeconomy” represents a holistic approach that aims to enhance the well-being of indigenous communities. It recognises indigenous knowledge and promotes the sustainable use of resources. The indigenous bioeconomy contributes to climate protection, by avoiding deforestation and replacing the use of fossil fuels in isolated areas with biogenic alternatives. This paper analyses the local biomass potential of a community within the Pimentel Barbosa Indigenous Territory of the Xavante ethnic group. Participatory research was employed to gain an in-depth understanding of the customary Xavante practices. The theoretical biomass potential was estimated at around 2700 tonnes per year (t/a), which is defined as the total amount of selected biomass types available in the investigated area. Local practical biomass potential considers the per capita consumption of this biomass by the indigenous population. Furthermore, the authors quantified the unused biomass potential, representing biomass that could be used for various purposes including food, medicine and energy. Biomass residues have an untapped potential of around 180 t/a. The paper outlines possible utilisation scenarios for these residues and considers the challenges associated with food and energy security in indigenous territories.

This article shows how the environmental issue has blurred the traditional opposition between the scales of action of capitalist actors. In the autumn of 1968, the French government announced its plan to build an oil refinery in the far west of France (Brittany), although oil companies were unanimously hostile to this project. Yet, the project was an answer to the demands by the elites of this peripheral region to build an ‘industrialising industry’, a concept borrowed from economists working in a postcolonial context. A refinery was seen as an opportunity to petrolise Brittany and bring this region into a modern era whose features were closely linked to the use of fossil fuels. Whit memories of the Torrey Canyon oil spill (1967) still vivid, some business and farming leaders questioned the suitability of this infrastructure. The protest was supported by fishers’ and oyster-farmers’ organisations. Their claims led them to collect international data regarding oil pollution and to draw attention to the weakness of the public authorities’ knowledge on the eve of the invention of an environmental administration. In the meantime, fishers’ organisations shaped their own kind of popular environmentalism and eventually put forward a counterproposal for the social and ecological future of the harbour.

The extensive use of fossil fuels contributes to the emission of toxic pollutants, including sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and greenhouse gases. Notably, a significant quantity of carbon dioxide is emitted, along with other energy forms. Consequently, transitioning to renewable or clean energy sources is crucial for long-term sustainability of energy development. Climate change has emerged as a major concern for human life in the 21st century, potentially leading to various problems, such as more frequent and intense heatwaves, increased occurrences of floods and droughts, alterations in seasonal patterns, impacts on disaster likelihood, and malnutrition. Achieving carbon neutralityby 2050 through adoption of clean and green energy sources is imperative. To attain net-zero emissions, the implementation of an energy-efficient technology known as a polygeneration energy system is recommended. This system offers high energy efficiency by simultaneously producing multiple energy carriers and services from one or more primary energy sources. Poly-generation systems are versatile, as they can operate using both fossil fuels and renewable energy resources. In this study, a sustainable solar-powered polygeneration energy system was proposed for a residential building located in Bengaluru (12.885138°N, 77.572538°E), Karnataka, India. The energy system integrates three main components: a Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) hybrid collector, Reverse Osmosis (RO) water purification unit, and Vapour Absorption chiller to assess the system’s suitability for residential applications. The daily energy demands were estimated on a typical housing cluster comprising seven 1 BHK and five 2 BHK houses totaling approximately 60 dwellings. The system is proposed to meet a comprehensive range of daily energy requirements of electrical demand, amounting to 1185 kWh/day for electricity (general use), freshwater, and space cooling, as well a thermal demand for hot water. Performave evalution revealed that the CHCP (Cooling, Heating and Power) system achieved an electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency and overall efficiency of the proposed CHCP system were found as 18.1%, 50% and 68.1% respectively. These results highlight the system's potential as a viable and sustainable energy solution for integrated residential needs, contributing to both energy efficiency and environmental conservation. Major Findings: Excessive use of fossil fuels contribute significant amount of green house gas emission leads to environmental degradation, thereby underscoring the inevitable shift toward clean and sustainable energy systems. In this context, a solardriven poly-generation configuration, integrating photovoltaic–thermal (PVT) technology with reverse osmosis (RO) and a vapor absorption chiller, was proposed to simultaneously satisfy the electricity, cooling, and freshwater requirements of a residential building. The system achieved an overall efficiency of 68.1%, highlighting its potential as a sustainable pathway for advancing carbon-neutral and energy-efficient residential applications.

The transition to a zero-emission economy and sustainable development requires us to reduce our use of fossil fuels and implement legal and reporting mechanisms that oblige businesses to comply with environmental and social standards. One of the key challenges has become the reporting of non-financial information, including environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) aspects. Initially, this data was reported in accordance with the 2014 NFRD Directive, which was replaced in 2024 by the CSRD Directive, and further legislative changes regarding non-financial reporting are currently being implemented and planned. This paper presents the evolution of the legal framework for ESG reporting in the European Union, identify differences in reporting obligations under the aforementioned directives; it also highlights problems related to the lack of consistent, uniform, and mandatory ESG reporting standards. Despite the implementation of the CSRD Directive, the paper emphasises that companies still have too much discretion in selecting the information to be reported, which hinders comparability and verification. The analysis confirms that the abundance of data and the qualitative nature of ESG indicators increase interpretative risks and may undermine the objectives of non-financial reporting.

The transformation of outdated district heating (DH) systems is a pressing issue for countries with well-developed DH infrastructure, which was predominantly built in the previous century and designed for the use of fossil fuels. These systems face the simultaneous challenges of replacing obsolete equipment, improving fossil fuel efficiency, and substituting these fuels with renewable energy sources and waste energy resources. These challenges must be addressed while ensuring the stable supply of thermal energy to consumers. Solving such a complex and multifaceted task requires the development of a scientifically grounded strategy. The pace of modernization and decarbonization of DH systems varies significantly across countries. For Ukraine, which is among the countries with a developed but outdated DH infrastructure, the transformation and decarbonization of this vital energy system are being approached based on European experience, adapted to national circumstances. This study focuses on the methodological and techno-economic aspects of a transitional strategy for decarbonizing large, outdated DH systems, taking into account the specific features of the current state of such systems in Ukraine. It examines the necessity and content of transitional plans, the experience of DH system transformation in EU countries, key methodological considerations of transition planning, including temporal changes in DH systems, the current structure and condition of existing DH networks, the potential for fossil fuel substitution with renewable energy sources, criteria for comparing different decarbonization approaches, third-party access to district heating networks, and directions for further research into DH decarbonization. Natural gas is the main fuel used in existing outdated DH systems, and gas boilers are the primary source of thermal energy. These form the baseline for evaluating the economic efficiency of alternative transformation pathways. The study demonstrates the economic feasibility of replacing gas boilers with solar district heating plants equipped with seasonal thermal energy storage. Bibl. 29, Fig. 9, Tab. 3.

Abstract: The demand of electricity that keeps increasing necessitates additional electricity generation. The highly dependence of power generation on fossil fuels implies the intensive use of this resources that may cause them finish sooner than predicted. On the other hand, the use of fossil fuels for transportation is quite dominant. The development and use of electric transportation system is a solution for reducing fuel consumption. However, the electricity for supplying the electric transportation system is mainly from the generation system that uses fossil fuels. For further improvement, the energy supplied to the transportation system should come from the renewable energy generation. This may lead to minimum use of fossil fuels besides giving minimum effect on environment. This paper presents the development of renewable energy generation where the generated power is used to supply the storage that charges the electric bicycle. The power is generated by solar photovoltaic panels and it is saved in a battery. The charging for the bicycle is taken from the battery. The developed system is off-grid since the system may be placed in the non-electrified area. This prototype will be a role model regarding the combination of renewable energy generation and green transportation system.

Renewable energy plays a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Excessive use of fossil fuels, such as coal, can produce GHG emissions that trigger extreme weather and global warming. Therefore, efforts to increase renewable energy utilization are necessary, in line with the Government Work Plan (RKP) target, which targets renewable energy contributions to reach 23% by 2025. This study aims to predict the potential for solar renewable energy in an area based on radiation, temperature, and rainfall variables. The method used is a supervised learning-based Random Forest. Weather data was obtained through the Open Meteo API, then processed by assigning weights to variables to produce output labels, which were then used in the classification process and model performance evaluation. The results showed that the Random Forest model produced an accuracy of 99.82%, with predictions of low/no potential energy being completely correct, medium energy potential experiencing only one error, and high energy potential also experiencing only one error. Based on these findings, the Random Forest method has proven effective in predicting solar power potential with high accuracy and is able to identify variables with the highest to lowest levels of importance.

The increasing environmental pollution resulting from the use of non-renewable fossil fuels as well as the development of economic dependencies among countries because of the lack of such types of fuels underline the intense need for the use of sustainable forms of energy. Biomass derived biofuels provide such an alternative. The main tasks of biomass feedstock production are planting and cultivation, harvest, storage, and transportation. A number of complex decisions characterize each of these tasks. These decisions are related to the monitoring of crop health, the improvement of crop productivity using innovative technologies, and the examination of limitations in existing processes and technologies associated with biomass feedstock production. Other critical issues are the development of sustainable methods for the delivery of the biomass while maintaining product quality. There is the need for the development of an automated integrated research tool based on resilience and sustainability which will allow the coordination of different research fields but also perform research on its own. The specific tool should aim in the optimization of different parameters which specify the research done and in the case of biomass feedstock production; such parameters are the transportation of biomass from the field to the biorefinery, the equipment used, and the biomass storage conditions. This optimization would enhance decision making in the field of bioenergy production. Based on the need for such an automated integrated research tool, this paper presents an information system that provides automated functionalities for better decision making in the bioenergy production field based on the collection and analysis of agricultural robot and sensor data.

In Indonesia, currently many people still use fossil fuels as the main energy source, but with the use of fossil fuels, greater carbon dioxide emissions will be released into the atmosphere, ultimately causing climate change (global warming). To overcome this problem, Indonesia is now starting to adopt techniques that have been used by several countries, namely carbon capture. Carbon Capture and Storage or commonly called CCS or some call it CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage) is one solution to climate change which continues to worsen over time. Indonesia itself is currently preparing 15 projects that will develop and use CO2 capture technology. The research method in the research carried out is using a normative juridical approach. The normative juridical approach is carried out by examining legal principles, legal provisions, legislation and legal mechanisms. Based on the normative type of legal research, several normative approaches are also used, namely the Conceptual Approach and the Statutory Approach. ESDM Ministerial Regulation No. 2 of 2023 does not directly provide benefits to society. This regulation focuses on regulations and incentives for business actors in the upstream oil and gas sector to implement Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. In Presidential Regulation no. 14/2024 states that holding CCS can be based on three things Carrying out CCS or CCUS implementation in Indonesia begins after obtaining a storage permit for CCS implementation schemes based on permits, whereas for CCS implementation schemes based on cooperation contracts begins when the contractor obtains approval for the proposed field development plan or changes. There are a few things that Indonesia should do such as making a new regulation about funding, insentive and public participation.

The development of sustainable energy that does not emit carbon pollutants is a major research topic toward minimizing waste generation and ecosystem degradation caused by the use of fossil fuels. Electrochemical water splitting is a semipermanent cycle that produces energy with zero carbon emissions. It is an innovative science and technology for a sustainable future for humanity and nature. However, its high operating potential due to the four-electron transfer process of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode is the main factor hindering the overall reaction rate. Thus, given the importance of operating this cycle with high efficiency, studies have been extensively conducted to enhance the activity of transition-metal-based layered double hydroxide (LDH) catalysts. The use of metal foam as a substrate for LDH growth is considered the most effective method. However, most studies aimed at improving the performance of heterostructured catalysts have generally focused on controlling the active materials grown on the foam rather than the foam itself. Herein, we propose a new perspective on the role of foam, emphasizing that it is more than a mere supporting medium for growth. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the effects of NiFe foam (NFF) by modeling a heterostructure comprising NiAl-LDH and NFF. The calculation results demonstrated electron redistribution at the NiAl-LDH@NFF interface, which effectively influenced the OER performance and interfacial binding energy. Furthermore, we obtained insights into the role of foam by investigating changes in the OER overpotential caused by differences in the elements comprising the foam (Ni foam, 327 mV at 10 mA cm−2; NFF, 214 mV at 10 mA cm−2). This study affords flexibility in the utilization of metal foam-based heterostructured catalysts.

A hybrid solar photovoltaic system can supply homes and all government and private sector buildings with electricity in cities and remote places. Solar PV systems generate emission-free electricity that is stable, safe, noise-free, easy to use and does not require refuelling. It also reduces the use of fossil fuels in power plants and reduces pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate damage, Therefore, the current research aims to design and implement a hybrid photovoltaic solar system to provide one of the laboratories of the Department of Physics at the college of education, Mustansiriya University, with electrical energy during a year. The total electrical energy consumed by the loads in the laboratory (devices, lighting lamps and fans) was measured by about 2000 watts. The working hours of the laboratory were estimated at six hours. In light of that, a photovoltaic solar system consisting of eight solar panels with a capacity of 545 watts per panel was designed in standard conditions and a total capacity of 4360 watts. After the design and installation, the laboratory was operated at its total capacity and the power supplied by the panels to the laboratory was recorded during the first daylight until after midday. The results were encouraging, as it was found that the net power processed by the system is about 3500 watts. Therefore, we can conclude that the construction of solar systems is an economically feasible process under the conditions of severe shortage in the supply of electrical energy and the high cost of purchasing electrical energy from the private sector

In order to cope with the climate change nowaday, the use of fossil fuels, which generate massive amounts of CO₂, must be replaced with renewable fuels (the carbon-neutral approach). This paper provides an overview of definitions, characteristics and developments of several renewable alternative fuels including bioethanol, biodiesel, biokerosene, green hydrogen, green ammonia and sustainable aviation fuels. The overview also introduces pathways in the past to present and the years to comes in some countries to deal with the production and development of these fuels. This will be the esstiential benefits for researchers, manufacturers and policy makers to refer in order to understanding and finding their own pathways to achieve carbon neutrality in the near future. This is one aspect of the green transformations that the entire world is striving for.