Use Of Energy Storage Systems Research Articles

Enhanced energy management of DC microgrid: Artificial neural networks-driven hybrid energy storage system with integration of bidirectional DC-DC converter

Standalone microgrids using Photovoltaic (PV) systems might be a feasible alternative for powering off-grid populations. However, this form of application necessitates the use of energy storage systems (ESS) to control the intermittent nature of PV production. This paper proposes a novel energy management strategy (EMS) based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for controlling a DC microgrid using a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The HESS connects to the DC Microgrid using a bidirectional converter (BC), that enables energy exchange between the battery and supercapacitor (SC). The effectiveness of the proposed approach in relation to the traditional control method is based on performance metrics such as overshoot and settling time. The proposed ANN control attains 18 % overshoot while step increases in PV generation and attains 21 % overshoot while decreasing PV generation. The results show that the proposed control method ensures continuous power supply from the PV system by optimising load balancing under various operating conditions, maintaining state-of-charge (SoC), and improving the voltage profile.

Energy community with shared photovoltaic and storage systems: influence of power demand in cost optimization

AbstractEnergy management of distributed energy resources has gradually become a complex problem because of the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic power, and the large use of energy storage systems. A way to deal with these issues is to operate within an energy community. However, the efficient management of the community in terms of costs is particularly relevant. Specifically, the minimization of the energy community costs, which consists of properly utilizing shared energy storage and renewable energy sources, becomes an important objective. In this context, a fundamental role is played by demand power characteristics which strongly influence the benefits brought by this energy management scheme. This work investigates the influence of the variability of power demand on the minimization of the operating cost problem of an energy community while determining the optimal capacity of the energy storage system that increases the self‐consumption potential of the photovoltaic source. Two main scenarios are implemented where the effects of considering the community photovoltaic capacity as a variable or a parameter on costs and energy storage system size are investigated. This analysis consists of a multi‐objective optimization coupled with a Monte Carlo framework. The community management is conducted by considering random power demand profiles of each unit belonging to the same community, and different sizes, categories of users and users' aggregations. A comparison is led among different users' categories in terms of costs, photovoltaic unit and energy storage system size. The results provide an overview of how each category benefits from taking part in an energy community both in terms of cost and energy storage and photovoltaic sizes and show how these aspects change within a multi‐category aggregation where each category makes a different contribution to the community. In particular, we find evidence of the “synergy effect” brought by multi‐category aggregations capable of exploiting differences in consumption profiles. Each building category, with its numerosity, has a different effect on the energy community, resulting in a different impact on total costs and cost savings. We also investigate how the energy storage system capacity is affected by both the available photovoltaic capacity and the consumption profiles of the categories within the energy community.

Energy Storage in Urban Areas: The Role of Energy Storage Facilities, a Review

Positive Energy Districts can be defined as connected urban areas, or energy-efficient and flexible buildings, which emit zero greenhouse gases and manage surpluses of renewable energy production. Energy storage is crucial for providing flexibility and supporting renewable energy integration into the energy system. It can balance centralized and distributed energy generation, while contributing to energy security. Energy storage can respond to supplement demand, provide flexible generation, and complement grid development. Photovoltaics and wind turbines together with solar thermal systems and biomass are widely used to generate electricity and heating, respectively, coupled with energy system storage facilities for electricity (i.e., batteries) or heat storage using latent or sensible heat. Energy storage technologies are crucial in modern grids and able to avoid peak charges by ensuring the reliability and efficiency of energy supply, while supporting a growing transition to nondepletable power sources. This work aims to broaden the scientific and practical understanding of energy storage in urban areas in order to explore the flexibility potential in adopting feasible solutions at district scale where exploiting the space and resource-saving systems. The main objective is to present and critically discuss the available options for energy storage that can be used in urban areas to collect and distribute stored energy. The concerns regarding the installation and use of Energy Storage Systems are analyzed by referring to regulations, and technical and environmental requirements, as part of broader distribution systems, or as separate parts. Electricity, heat energy, and hydrogen are the most favorable types of storage. However, most of them need new regulations, technological improvement, and dissemination of knowledge to all people with the aim of better understanding the benefits provided.

Highly efficient asymmetric supercapacitor based on magnetic CeO2@γ-Fe2O3 composite and reduced graphene oxide electrodes

The CeO2@γ-Fe2O3 nanocomposites with varying CeO2 content (0–50 mol%) were prepared by the sol-gel electrospinning. XRD analysis confirmed the phase transition from α-Fe2O3 to cubic γ-Fe2O3 with addition of Ce ions and dominant phase for 30, and 50% CeO2@γ-Fe2O3 nanocomposites was cubic CeO2. FESEM images revealed that the ribbon-like α-Fe2O3 convert to the CeO2@γ-Fe2O3 nanofibers. The EDS map images and FTIR confirmed the homogenous distribution of elements and chemical bonds, respectively. Interestingly, the induced phase transition resulted in superparamagnetic behavior of 10% CeO2@γ-Fe2O3. The supercapacitive performance of the CeO2@γ-Fe2O3 nanofibers grown on the nickel foam were examined by electrochemical analyzes. The 50% CeO2@γ-Fe2O3 electrode demonstrated the highest specific capacitance of 1169.3 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and the capacitance retention of 89.7% after 1000 cycles at 7 A g−1. Additionally, asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was assembled using CeO2@γ-Fe2O3 and rGO as cathode and anode electrodes, respectively. The CeO2@γ-Fe2O3//rGO ASC displayed an energy density of 36.8 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 700 W kg−1, demonstrating its potential for use in energy storage systems.

Multipurpose Optimization Method for Energy Storage System Specification Using Measurement Data of DC Traction Substations

The peak demand for railway power occurs when trains operate at full capacity, which calls for the need of facilities that can handle such peaks. These expansive railway power facilities, which cover vast areas, result in increased maintenance and management costs while affecting the power supply to traction substations (TSs). Herein, we investigated the load leveling of TSs using energy storage systems (ESSs). Most of the studies that have been conducted on the use of ESSs in electric railways have focused on high‐speed railways and urban lines. The application of ESSs to local lines is expected to be highly effective in reducing the capacity of power facilities using the load leveling of TSs. However, the introduction of ESSs to such local lines has not yet been discussed in detail. Hence, we focused on the relationship between ESS specifications (battery capacity, kWh) and load peak reduction (kW) and proposed a method to determine the ESS specifications by simultaneous optimization using linear programming. Numerical calculations were performed based on measured data from a real line, and the proposed method was verified in terms of battery capacity, load peak reduction, and ESS operation ratio. The numerical results indicate that the maximum load of the TS can be reduced by 98.7% and 91.1% using 380 kWh and 65.42 kWh ESS, respectively, considering its cooling time. This highlights the potential of Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) to balance TS (Time‐of‐Use) loads and consequently reduce power facility requirements. © 2024 The Authors. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering published by Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Development of a simulation model for controlling energy storage systems on electric trains

The article discusses the experience of using electrical energy storage devices on multiple unit rolling stock, both in Russia and abroad. It is noted that the use of energy storage systems in railway transport in Russia lags somewhat behind its foreign colleagues. The main assumptions taken when performing simulation modeling of the operation of energy storage systems on an electric train are presented. Simulations of the operation of energy storage systems were carried out using the MatLab software package. Simulation models of an electric train with an energy storage device, a model of a heater for heating an electric train car, a model of a hybrid energy storage system, a model of a supercapacitor unit, and batteries are presented. The algorithm of operation of the active topology of a hybrid drive is considered. The developed simulation models have been tested. Graphs of the voltage at the pantograph and the current consumed by the electric train were obtained, as well as graphs of the operation of the battery and supercapacitor in charge/discharge modes.

Electrochemical investigations of PVdF-HFP-NaTFSI-[BMPYr][TFSI] polymer-salt-IL electrolyte for Na-rechargeable battery

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are being aggressively pursued for potential use in energy storage systems due to the natural abundance and low cost of sodium. In the present investigation, structural, thermal and electrochemical properties of a ionic liquid based Na-ion conducting polymer-salt-IL electrolytes (IL-NCPEs) formed using copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) salt along with IL; 1-butyl-1-methypyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([BMPYr] [TFSI]) is being reported. The samples were characterized using ionic conductivity, transference number measurement, thermal & electrochemical studies as a function of wt% IL. Incorporated [BMPYr][TFSI]-IL in the NCPE (i.e., PVdF-HFP + 10 wt% NaTFSI) modifies the different physicochemical properties such as complex formation, thermal, transport and electrochemical properties. The ionic conductivity of prepared IL-NCPEs has been found to increase with increasing the content of [BMPYr][TFSI]-IL and reaches to a maximum value of ∼0.85 mS/cm (at 30 °C). Also, the temperature dependent ionic conductivity obeys Arrhenius type thermally activated behaviour. For the optimized [BMPYr][TFSI]-IL, compatibility of IL-NCPEs with Na-metal electrode, high total ionic transference number (tionic ∼ 0.98), cationic transference number (tNa+ ∼ 0.31) and wide electrochemical stability (ESW ∼ 4.0 V) have been obtained. The above obtained properties of the prepared IL-NCPEs are promising for application in Na-rechargeable battery.

Organisation of the Structure and Functioning of Self-Sufficient Distributed Power Generation

During the operation of solar and wind power plants, it is necessary to solve issues related to the guaranteed capacity of these plants, as well as the frequency stabilisation in the power system where they operate, and maintain an operating mode of self-sufficiency conditions. One of the solutions to these problems is the use of energy storage systems. This article proposes a mathematical model for the study of frequency and power regulation processes in power systems with distributed generation, which includes renewable energy resources and energy storage systems. The novelty of the model lies in the possibility of determining energy cost indicators based on instantaneous energy power data. The model allows us to estimate the conditions under which distributed generation becomes self-sufficient. The results of the model calculations of two variants of power system operation, which includes wind generators with a capacity of 1500 MW, demonstrate the ability of the proposed model to accurately reproduce the dynamics of the frequency stabilisation process. The calculation results of the energy-economic indicators of a real power system combined with a powerful subsystem of wind generation and a battery-type energy storage system prove the competitiveness of self-sufficient renewable energy power plants.

Construction of FeSe2 nanoparticles encapsulated in TiN/N-doped carbon nanofibers intertwined with in-situ grown CNTs for pseudocapacitive Na+ storage

Metal selenides are recognized as potential anodes for sodium-ion batteries because of their high theoretical capacity. However, they face the hurdles of low electronic conductivity and significant volume change. In this study, a composite material consisting of FeSe2 nanoparticles enclosed within TiN/N-doped carbon nanofibers intertwined with in-situ grown carbon nanotubes (FeSe2@TNCF/CNTs) is successfully prepared by electrospinning, carbonization, and selenization approach. The TiN/N-doped carbon nanofibers enhance electronic conductivity, active sites for sodium-ion storage, and structural stability. Moreover, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that in-situ grown on the carbon nanofibers not only enhance conductivity but also facilitate electrolyte penetration and buffer volume expansion. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of FeSe2, TiN, N-doped carbon nanofibers and CNTs, the hybrid FeSe2@TNCF/CNTs anode demonstrates long-term cycling stability and ultrafast pseudocapacitive sodium storage capability, with a specific capacity of 388.5 mAh/g delivered at 0.2 A/g after 1000 cycles. This work could provide inspiration for further research into the design and manufacture of high-performance materials for use in energy storage systems.

An ultimate peak load shaving control algorithm for optimal use of energy storage systems

Peak load shaving is one of the applications of energy storage systems (ESS) that will play a key role in the future of smart grid. Peak shaving is done to prevent the increase of network capacity to the amount of peak demand and also increase its reliability. Although the development of diverse ESS with high round-trip efficiency is very important and is considered a necessary condition for optimal peak load shaving, its sufficient condition is to follow an appropriate control algorithm. In this study, a new control algorithm called ultimate peak load shaving (UPLS) is developed for the optimal use of ESS for the peak shaving and valley filling purposes. The UPLS control algorithm is not only able to guarantee peak load shaving in any condition considering any load profile but also can ingeniously control ESS charging and discharging rates. This feature distinguishes it from other algorithms developed in the field.In this study, first, the UPLS control algorithm was explained in detail. Then, by comparing it with two other common control algorithms, its four unique features were investigated. After that, by applying these three control algorithms on different hypothetical load demand profiles A, B, C, and D, these features were demonstrated. Through sensitivity analysis and changing the allowed range for ESS charging and discharging rates (other parameters are assumed constant), how to design the grid power, Pg(t) by the UPLS control algorithm is described. It was found that the mentioned parameters are completely under the control of this algorithm. The optimization results show that peak demand can be reduced by 28.12 % and 27.82 % for load profiles B and C, respectively and the ESS discharging rate is significantly reduced to 55.28 % and 77.93 %, respectively compared to their corresponding values in basic design.

Multi-scenario design of ammonia-based energy storage systems for use as non-wires alternatives

Energy storage can be used by power distribution system operators as a non-wires alternative to defer infrastructure upgrades and improve feeder reliability. One emerging energy storage technology is energy storage via the synthesis and subsequent consumption of chemicals in internal combustion engines or fuel cells (i.e., ”chemical energy storage”). Some chemicals, such as hydrogen and ammonia, can be synthesized from renewable, carbon-free feedstocks using excess renewable generation. In this work, we develop an optimization model for investing in and using mobile ammonia-powered generators, ammonia storage equipment, and mobile batteries in tandem to provide non-wires alternatives to distribution networks efficiently. Specifically, we develop a mixed-integer quadratically constrained program to optimize the design and operation of distribution systems with ammonia and battery energy storage devices under multiple operational scenarios. This formulation is applied in a case study on a 15-bus test system. Ultimately, we find that ammonia-powered generators enable flexible operation and are best suited for long-term, high-total-energy use cases, whereas batteries are best suited for short-term use cases. Additionally, we find that a combination of chemical and electrochemical energy storage is more cost effective at responding to a variety of operational conditions than either form of energy storage alone.

ДВОНАПРАВЛЕНИЙ КАСКАДНИЙ ПЕРЕТВОРЮВАЧ ПОСТІЙНОЇ НАПРУГИ ДЛЯ ПОТУЖНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЕНЕРГОНАКОПИЧЕННЯ В МЕРЕЖАХ ЕЛЕКТРОПОСТАЧАННЯ SMART GRID

Electromagnetic processes in a bidirectional cascade DC converter with the possibility of increasing and decreasing the output voltage levels in both directions of energy transfer for electric power storage systems are considered. Using the method of averaging in the state space, a mathematical model of the pulse converter was obtained. Analytical ex-pressions for calculating the ripple characteristics of a bidirectional cascade converter have been determined, with the help of which you can calculate the main parameters of the constant voltage converter, which provide permissible volt-age ripples on the DC buses and power choke current. To illustrate the developed calculation methodology, the ripple characteristics and parameters of a 30 kW converter for various load modes with 400V and 700V DC busbars for use in energy storage systems are determined. The bidirectional converter was calculated, analyzed and simulated in Math-cad/PSim packages at idle speed and at different load levels in order to confirm the effectiveness of the conducted re-search. Ref. 7, fig. 2. Keywords: method of averaging in state space, electric power storage systems, bidirectional constant voltage converter, non-isolated four-quadrant bidirectional converter.

Melting and solidification analysis of paraffin phase change material in a circular space, molecular dynamics simulation

The increasing use of renewable energy sources has led to more studies in the field of eliminating the weaknesses of these sources. The use of energy storage systems is one of these things that increase the sustainability of renewable resources and reduce the share of fossil fuel resources in daily energy consumption. One of the most important things in heat storage systems is the use of suitable phase change materials (PCM). In this research, the behavior of paraffin, as a well-known PCM, is investigated on a molecular scale. For this purpose, an annular space has been selected as a nanochannel and the behavior of this material inside it has been investigated in different states. First, the thermal performance of this PCM is investigated. Then, the effect of its temperature on index parameters such as viscosity, heat flux, thermal conductivity, charge time, discharge time, and phase change time are evaluated. The research results show that increasing initial temperature (from 300 K to 350 K) improves the performance of PCM (the duration of charging and discharging are increased from 1.78 and 2.15 ns to 1.41 and 2.24 ns, respectively.). In addition, increasing the speed of the material also reduces the charging and discharging time to 1.65 and 2.09 ns, respectively. Increasing the diameter ratios also changes the indicator times to 2.18 and 2.03 ns, respectively.

Constructing N, Se co-doped carbon nanofibers encapsulated with hollow FeSe2 nanospheres as electrodes for energy storage

Iron selenide (FeSe2), a p-type narrow band gap (1.0 eV) semiconductor, has been considered as a potential electrode material for electrochemical energy storage owing to its many benefits, including quick electron transfer, excellent electrical conductivity and exceptional theoretical specific capacity. Nevertheless, the volumetric expansion, agglomeration, low ion-diffusion capacity and other inadequacies in the process of discharging and charging. Therefore, FeSe2 is far short of high initial coulomb efficiency, long-cycle stability, and excellent rate performance. The greatest obstacle to the practical use of energy storage systems is these drawbacks. Herein, the electrospinning and a thermally-induced selenization route are adopted to encapsulate the FeSe2 hollow nanospheres into the intertwined Se, N co-doped carbon nanofibers (Se, N-FeSe2CNFs). Density functional theory calculation delivers that Se, N-FeSe2CNFs nanocomposite presents extremely low bandgap and high density of states at the Femi level, demonstrating significantly increased conductivity. When assembling into the all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitors (ASSSCs), the Se, N-FeSe2CNFs ASSSCs provide a remarkable specific capacity of 330.2 F g−1 and maintain 92.0% after 5000 cycles at 2 A g−1. Meanwhile, the resistance of charge transfer decreases from 0.73 Ω (FeSe2) to 0.28 Ω (Se, N-FeSe2CNFs). Moreover, the Se, N-FeSe2CNFs ASSSCs deliver 128.6 Wh kg−1 (energy density) at about 800 W kg−1 (power density). Additionally, the Se, N-FeSe2CNFs anodes also have outstanding reversible capacity (549.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) and stability of long-circulation (481.3 mAh g−1 after 100 circles and 480.9 mAh g−1 after 200 circles at 0.1 A g−1) for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The superb property of energy storage can be due to the encapsulated structure that can maintain the integrity of structures for electrodes during electrochemical reactions and the Se, N heteroatoms doped CNFs that can conducive to ions/charges transport and storage. The designed encapsulated structure and synthesis approach have broad application prospects in electrochemical energy storage.

Decoration of sea-urchin-like NiCoP coated with WSe2@ZnS as an advanced electrode material for hybrid supercapacitors

The manufacture of creative, efficient, and effective electrodes for use in energy storage systems is an ideal solution to the energy crisis. As a superior electrode for use in energy storage applications, we have synthesized Nickel cobalt phosphate (NiCoP) that has been covered with WSe2@ZnS using the hydrothermal approach described in our current work. The targeted hybrid supercapacitor electrode consists of NiCoP/WSe2@ZnS and has a high specific capacity of approximately 2,416 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1. Moreover, it has shown excellent cycling stability, retaining 96% of its capacity after 5000 cycles. NiCoP/WSe2@ZnS is employed as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) is used as the negative electrode in the asymmetric supercapacitor. This permits the device to have a capacitance of 178 Fg−1 at a current density of 0.5 mAg−1. The manufactured asymmetric supercapacitor has a power density of 1064 Wkg−1 and a maximum energy storage capacity of 46.4 Whkg−1. Because of its outstanding electrochemical properties, metal phosphate will soon be recognized as a novel and attractive active material with potentially useful in energy storage applications.

Power pool‐based supervisory coordinate control strategy for DC microgrids

SummaryStandalone DC microgrids are progressively becoming explored in the modern power system. Proper voltage regulation and effective power distribution among sources are the main challenges for DC microgrid operation. A supervisory coordinated control strategy for proportionate power‐sharing and enhanced voltage regulation is presented in this paper to overcome these challenges. The formation of multiple power pools on the basis of available power from each renewable energy source (RES) is a crucial element of this approach. It modifies the power sharing between power pools and individual sources based on the amount of power available in the sources. In addition, for effective power management, it coordinates the operation of all power pools with all RESs. Also, by reducing the charging and discharging cycle of energy storage systems (ESSs), it is possible to make effective use of ESSs. The proposed control adapts to intermittent RESs and changes in the microgrid network. The proposed method's capabilities are validated by experimental results.

Innovative Materials for Batteries

In the struggle for the reduction of carbon emission, the use of energy storage systems is becoming more and more widespread, and the wider applications require a continuous upgrading of the batteries’ performances [...]

Hybridization of graphene into NiCo2S4 hybrid composites as electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors

NiCo2S4 is one of the most promising bimetallic sulfides for use in energy-storage systems, but more studies are needed to endow NiCo2S4 (NCS) with a high electrochemical reaction capability and reversibility. In this work, we present rationally materials design of an optimal NiCo2S4 nanoparticle in a graphene (G) matrix as a NiCo2S4/graphene nanocomposite (NCSG). A uniform composite with NiCo2S4 nanoparticles anchored on graphene sheets is fabricated through an innovative one-step hydrothermal method. The XRD, Raman, XPS, SEM, HRTEM and EDS analyses are performed for characterizing the morphology and microstructure of the as-prepared NiCo2S4/graphene composite. Furthermore, we report the improvements in the materials technology, demonstrating the NiCo2S4/graphene (NCSG) nanocomposite electrode with an excellent specific capacitance of 1500 Fg−1 at 2 Ag−1, high capacitance retention of 85.6 %, and long cycle life of 6500 cycles. The practical application is showcased in an asymmetric supercapacitor with a high active-material loading. Tremendously, the produced NiCo2S4/AC asymmetric supercapacitor has a high energy density of 43.2 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 920 W kg−1.

Integrating scenario-based stochastic-model predictive control and load forecasting for energy management of grid-connected hybrid energy storage systems

In the context of renewable energy systems, microgrids (MG) are a solution to enhance the reliability of power systems. In the last few years, there has been a growing use of energy storage systems (ESSs), such as hydrogen and battery storage systems, because of their environmentally-friendly nature as power converter devices. However, their short lifespan represents a major challenge to their commercialization on a large scale. To address this issue, the control strategy proposed in this paper includes cost functions that consider the degradation of both hydrogen devices and batteries. Moreover, the proposed controller uses scenarios to reflect the stochastic nature of renewable energy resources (RESs) and load demand. The objective of this paper is to integrate a stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) strategy for an economical/environmental MG coupled with hydrogen and battery ESSs, which interacts with the main grid and external consumers. The system's participation in the electricity market is also managed. Numerical analyses are conducted using RESs profiles, and spot prices of solar panels and wind farms in Abu Dhabi, UAE, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in the presence of uncertainties. Based on the results, the developed control has been proven to effectively manage the integrated system by meeting overall constraints and energy demands, while also reducing the operational cost of hydrogen devices and extending battery lifetime.

Evaluation of the limiting conditions for operation of a large electrochemical energy storage system

In the last decade, a considerable role has been given to the development of renewable energy sources (Gielen et al., 2019) [1]. However, the unsteadiness of the wind load and insolation is a significant constraint for the transition to non-conventional renewable energy sources (NCRES) - wind turbines and solar panels (Barra et al., 2021) [2]. The use of energy storage systems (ESS) is a necessary factor in the energy transition (Ademulegun et al., 2021) [7]. However, the electrical energy transfer from typical electrochemical energy storage devices to the consumer is accompanied with the dissipation of part of this energy as heat (Henke et al., 2020) [26]. For this reason, it is advisable to assess the overheating of such storage devices, which may lead to a significant decrease in capacitive and resource characteristics (Collath et al., 2022) [43], and in some cases even to ignition and explosions (Murarka et al., 2022) [44]. The article defines the limiting conditions for the operation of electrochemical energy storage devices in a typical autonomous local energy system.