A fundamental issue in reading research concerns whether words are encoded serially (one at a time in the order they are encountered) or in parallel (concurrently with the encoding of neighboring words). This debate has reignited recently with evidence showing that readers can encode word order flexibly and often fail to detect grammatical violations produced by transposing adjacent words (e.g., "The white was cat big"). These transposed word effects have been accommodated under both parallel accounts (due to the simultaneous processing of multiple words) and under serial accounts (due to temporal overlap in the integration of adjacent words). However, the precise nature of the effect remains contentious. To examine these contrasting accounts, we conducted six novel experiments that manipulated spatial and temporal aspects of transposed-word stimulus processing. Experiments 1a and 1b show equivalent transposed-word effects for displays that allow or disallow simultaneous processing of transposed words. Experiments 2a and 2b show enlarged transposed-word effects when whole sentence stimuli are displayed at fast presentation rates, but only when spatial cues to word location are unavailable. Experiments 3a and 3b show that the transposed-word effect is larger when the first than second transposed word is presented at a faster presentation rate. Overall, our findings are inconsistent with claims that flexible word order encoding is attributable to parallel word recognition. Instead, they show a temporal component to flexible word order encoding, consistent with claims that they can be explained by overlapping integration stages within serial models.

This article presents a conceptual review and theoretical synthesis of the relationship between music, language, and early childhood development. Early development unfolds through the interaction of perception, movement, social exchange, and culture; within this process, music and language operate as two highly structured auditory systems whose rhythmic, prosodic, and phonological regularities shape how children perceive, anticipate, and produce meaning. Drawing on research in cognitive neuroscience, developmental psychology, and music cognition, the article examines evidence that these domains rely on partially overlapping neural resources, particularly in temporal processing, prosodic organization, and aspects of syntactic integration. Using Patel’s OPERA framework (Overlap, Precision, Emotion, Repetition, Attention) as its central interpretive lens, the article argues that structured vocal activities may be understood as a pedagogically organized context for supporting core language-related capacities in young children, including phonological awareness, prosodic sensitivity, articulatory control, and verbal fluency. Rather than presenting new experimental data, the study synthesizes existing theoretical and empirical literature in order to clarify how musically guided vocal practice can be aligned with linguistic objectives in early educational settings. The discussion also considers the contribution of music to emotional regulation, social attunement, and affective engagement, all of which influence communicative development in early childhood. The article concludes that when musical activities are intentionally mapped onto language-learning aims, they can be interpreted not merely as enrichment practices, but as structured, potentially accessible tools for supporting early language development within educational and developmental frameworks.

Entropic tunneling time sheds light on efficient potassium ion transition in KcsA channel.

Hemodynamics During Pulsed-Field Ablation: A Deep Dive Into Its Temporal Aspect in Various Sedation Strategies.

Time and temporality in machine learning methods to improve cancer clinical decision support: A literature review.

This paper presents a critical re-evaluation of the connection between the green accounting practices (GAP) and the financial performance of corporates regarding the theoretical disintegration and lack of methodological consistency that has produced conflicting evidence in previous studies. The study, based on a theoretically coherent system of combining the Stakeholder Theory and the Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV), is that there are two functions of environmental accounting in shaping the financial performance, one being legitimate management and the other one strategic capability creation. The analysis is conducted using a longitudinal panel data structure that applies a quality-weighted index of disclosure to measure GAP to a sample of firms in industry sectors with a high sensitivity to the environment. The unobserved heterogeneity, endogeneity, and temporal aspects of effects are controlled by using the dynamic panel estimation methods such as system GMM. The findings provide strong empirical support that green accounting practices have a positive and statistically significant effect on the profitability of the firm and market value. More importantly, the analysis shows that the economic gains of GAP are not short-term but rather long-term and lagged effects are statistically and economically significant. This interpretation brings out the conceptualization of environmental accounting as a long-term strategic investment and not a short-term cost burden. The research holds substantive implications to the literature of sustainability accounting. Theoretically speaking, it promotes a combined stakeholder-NRBV model, and it shows the paramount importance of dynamic, longitudinal analysis. In practice, it gives strong incentives to managers to make green accounting an integrated strategic management system and policymakers to work out standardized reporting and assurance systems that give greater incentives to substantive accountability towards the environment. This study confirms that advanced environmental accounting is instrumental in streamlining the alignment between financial resilience in companies and environmental sustainability by explaining how and when the GAP-performance relationship would be active.

Three-dimensional (3D) technologies form a significant part of information and communication technologies (ICT). These are the basis of immersive experiences in digital environments. The main research questions at the present paper are when the scientific studies on their application in tourism start and increase, which are the most cited papers discussing the topic and in which countries this theme is most researched. To achieve these goals the bibliometric analysis is used. It is based on the science mapping approach and reveals the knowledge structure in the temporal and spatial aspects of the scientific literature regarding 3D and immersive technologies in tourism. VOSviewer is selected as the software for mapping the results. The research is based on the global databases Scopus and Web of Science. The results show that interest in the topic has been growing since 2019. The most active researchers are from India, the UK, and China. The main areas where the application of 3D and immersive technologies in tourism is being studied are Computer Science, Business, Management and Accounting, and Social Sciences.

The substantial increase in video recording and sharing in a short time, in addition to the easy-to-use editing tools, has created a strong necessity for efficient video forgery detection methods. The range of video manipulations, such as the usage of deep fakes, tampering of frames, and splicing, could endanger people's trust, cybersecurity, and the general stability of the digital media world. Previous works sometimes used temporal or spatial features separately, which was often not enough to accurately detect. This research paper proposes a new method based on 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (3D-CNNs) that captures the spatial as well as the temporal aspects of video frames simultaneously. The outlined architecture is trained on a face manipulation dataset, which includes real and fake videos, gathered from the Face Forensics repository. By distinguishing such minor areas of the video that have been changed, the system is capable of achieving high-performance levels in various forgery types. The first set consisted of two hundred videos, while the second set comprised three hundred videos. In the condition with the three hundred-video subsets, the Model demonstrated an accuracy level of 86%, precision of 0.87, recall of 0.86, and F1-score of 0.86 (weighted average). In the case of the two-hundred-video subsets, the test results were even better, with accuracy reaching 90%, precision being 0.92, recall 0.90, and F1-score 0.90. Compared with traditional classifiers like SVM, Random Forest, and LSTM models, the 3D-CNN method was always better judged by metrics such as accuracy, precision, and recall. These findings emphasize how powerful 3D-CNNs are in identifying spatiotemporal irregularities, thus enabling a more reliable and safer way to validate digital video content authenticity.

This paper introduces the concept of building ecologies as a framework to expand considerations of the temporal and relational aspects of architecture by highlighting the ongoing processes that constitute a state of continuous construction. Drawing influence from conservation, Science and Technology Studies, and sustainability studies, building ecologies develop the web of relational context from the world by building sensitivities to care, adaptation, and repair. These sensitivities render visible the often-hidden values, processes, and frictions influencing buildings, and knowledge of them can then be used to inform architectural production. The paper presents a case study examining how care, adaptation, and repair can become integrated into design and fabrication practices, enabling a rethinking of reparatory action and lifespan in architecture. Through building ecologies and to practices of care, adaptation, and repair, a holistic conception of sustainability is proposed which intersects with regenerative design by working to both improve the quality of relations and to incorporate a situation-specific and ever-evolving temporal responsiveness that can be applied to any architectural project.

Despite conventions, policies, and regulations highlighting the importance of accessibility in fulfilling human rights, numerous barriers exclude and discriminate against disabled individuals. This article focuses on the gap between promised and performed accessibility. The aim is to explore how inaccessibility is rationalised and transformed into an acceptable, excusable, or even justifiable aspect of contemporary society. The empirical material consists of professionals’ and disabled people’s moral and practical reasoning regarding accessibility, gathered through semi-structured interviews and ethnographic observations conducted in Sweden. Inaccessibility is excused by referring to a lack of knowledge and other circumstances that render accessibility impracticable. Additionally, inaccessibility is justified by emphasising temporal, security, or aesthetic aspects that make accessibility seem unreasonable. Presenting accessibility as impracticable and unreasonable appears crucial for the moral management of disabling barriers and violations of human rights in society.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), one of the most common metabolic complications of gestation, affects approximately 10-15% of all pregnancies and represents a significant challenge for obstetricians and diabetologists aiming to reduce adverse feto-maternal outcomes. Medical nutrition therapy remains the cornerstone of GDM management, alongside lifestyle modification and pharmacological treatment in the presence of unmet glycemic targets. However, current dietary recommendations primarily emphasize nutrient composition and caloric intake, often without fully considering the temporal aspects of food intake. Chrono-nutrition is an emerging field that investigates the interaction between meal timing, circadian rhythms, and metabolic regulation. Increasing evidence indicates that glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity exhibit marked diurnal variations, which may be further amplified in women with GDM, resulting in time-dependent differences in postprandial glycemic responses. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence on the role of chrono-nutrition in GDM by integrating mechanistic insights with findings from observational and interventional human studies. Although the available literature is limited by heterogeneity and a paucity of well-designed randomized controlled trials, the convergence of biological plausibility and emerging clinical data suggests that chrono-nutrition may represent a potential low-risk refinement of standard medical nutrition therapy. Incorporating temporal aspects of eating into dietary counseling may help frame glycemic management within a more physiologically aligned and personalized nutritional approach for pregnancies complicated by GDM.

Dengue is a viral disease that causes a significant impact on Sri Lanka throughout the year. To study the spread of this disease, examining its spatial distribution is very important. The aim of this paper is to systematically review studies that have been conducted on the spatial distribution of dengue disease in Sri Lanka. Using the PRISMA method, thirty-three articles were selected by systematically filtering from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases. These articles were critically analyzed based on publication trends, their impact on society, the number of times spatial distribution analysis was conducted for each district, the time periods during which these studies were carried out, the variables studied, their impact, and the methodological choices used. The main finding identified is that various factors affect the spread of dengue disease in Sri Lanka. Additionally, there is a need to conduct a study covering all districts in Sri Lanka using approximately two decades of data, in a manner that addresses both spatial and temporal aspects.

Abstract Anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and keeping livestock have significantly modified natural ecosystems, transforming them into agroecosystems and contributing to habitat loss and species decline. In Argentina, agricultural expansion has been accompanied by increased use of agrochemicals, raising concerns about their impact on biodiversity. These chemicals can affect organisms directly during application or persist in the environment, potentially disrupting reproduction. Our study focuses on Caiman latirostris populations, a species whose distribution overlaps with croplands. We conducted a comprehensive long‐term spatial and multitemporal analysis of some reproductive parameters in C. latirostris in 2000–2018, using six nesting areas located in central‐northern Santa Fe, Argentina. This analysis integrated geospatial tools to assess the impact of agrochemical exposure on reproduction. Nest monitoring data from the Proyecto Yacaré conservation program were integrated with geospatial datasets through the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, utilizing AI tools to evaluate environmental disturbances of each nesting area and its perinesting environment. This assessment incorporated web feature geoservices (WFS), vegetation indices (NDVI) temporal series, and land use/land cover. Reproductive parameters, including hatching success, the percentage of non‐viable embryos, infertile eggs, and neonate malformations, were analyzed in relation to the proximity of agricultural activities. Results revealed a significant decline in hatching success, accompanied by an increase in the proportion of non‐viable embryos and infertile eggs in the nests, particularly in nesting areas associated with agricultural activities. The integration of geotechnologies provided a comprehensive evaluation of the spatial and temporal aspects of the impacts of agricultural expansion on C. latirostris reproduction. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to agrochemicals is a plausible factor contributing to the decline in reproductive success, with broader implications for conservation in agroecosystems. This study highlights the utility of geotechnologies in monitoring environmental changes and their effects on wildlife. Our results also offer a scalable approach to assess anthropogenic impacts on other species and ecosystems, providing critical insights for conservation strategies.

This paper describes the semantics, syntax, and phonological behaviour of certain prominent morphemes in the grammar of spatial relations in the Bilugu dialect of Opo [lgn], a little-known language of the Koman family of Nilo-Saharan. It covers spatial relations in three broad categories: distance, location, and direction. For distance it describes the demonstrative enclitics, which differentiate three levels: proximal, medial, and distal. For location it describes how a Figure is positioned in reference to a Ground (e.g. via a predicator and the locative prefix /à-/ or certain stative verbs) and via spatial relators (nominals used in an associative relationship with the Ground to specify a particular site). For direction it describes verbs with lexical direction, marking patterns of goal and source, the deictic directional markers (a set of paradigmatically opposed suffixes that deictically orient motion), and the index directional adverb. Notably, the directional verbs and deictic directionals are shown to be primarily goal-oriented, contrary to traditional expectations that they have strictly venitive and andative orientation. Finally, in a brief discussion in the conclusion this paper shows how the description of spatial grams serves as an important foundation for approaching non-spatial grammar in Opo, since more abstract concepts such as temporal deixis and aspect are derived directly from the grammar of space.

ABSTRACT To better understand the consumer behaviours that drive demand for fast deliveries, this paper explores two key temporal aspects of the consumer journey: urgency and impatience. Urgency reflects a need for quick delivery, while impatience stems from a desire to receive products as soon as possible. Urgency and impatience merit attention to further understand consumer behaviour in relation to fast last-mile deliveries, as these pose challenges for logistics efficiency and environmental sustainability, particularly in the last-mile. The purpose of this paper is to explore urgency and impatience in the last-mile consumer journey, and the influence of these two concepts on the speed of last-mile deliveries. Additionally, the paper introduces the potential effects of urgency and impatience on environmental sustainability of such deliveries. The study uses diary entries from 15 Swedish e-commerce consumers over one month, followed by semi-structured interviews. Findings reveal that both urgency and impatience appear to be important denominators of consumer behaviour in the last-mile consumer journey. Further, urgency and impatience can have a direct impact on consumer choices regarding last-mile delivery method, including speed of delivery and reception of delivered orders. The paper also gives an increased understanding of how urgency and impatience can have implications for more environmentally sustainable last-mile deliveries. By taking a consumer-centric perspective on last-mile deliveries, this paper joins the recent academic conversation focusing on an increased understanding of the consumer to improve logistics operations.

Purpose Asynchronous interactions pervade global teams, yet how time delays shape leadership remains underexplored. This study examines temporal distance – the delay between leader–follower interactions – as a boundary condition moderating leadership effectiveness in global virtual teams, developing a framework for asynchronous leadership adaptations. Design/methodology/approach An integrative review synthesized 82 multidisciplinary studies on virtual leadership and asynchronous team coordination, using multilevel categorization (micro, meso, macro) with systematic clustering of temporal mechanisms and boundary conditions. Findings Temporal distance systematically moderates leadership transmission: the effectiveness of task-oriented behaviors appears to remain robust under delay, whereas relationship-oriented behaviors weaken; temporal adaptability and virtual relationship quality buffer these losses. Research limitations/implications The framework’s primary focus is on globally distributed teams with significant time zone separation; applicability to hybrid or local asynchronous teams may be limited, suggesting need for future research extensions. Practical implications Beyond improving team coordination, the framework provides actionable insights for global organizational strategic management by enabling leaders to design temporally resilient structures that enhance collaboration, retention, and competitive agility in multinational contexts. Social implications Enhanced temporal leadership promotes inclusive global work environments by overcoming geographic and temporal barriers to participation and career growth. Originality/value Unlike previous research treating temporal aspects as secondary, this study positions temporal distance as a significant boundary condition requiring distinct leadership adaptations. The framework advances virtual leadership theory by explaining previously inconsistent findings and identifying mechanisms through which time separation moderates leadership processes.

Time-series clinical data are crucial for advancing healthcare analytics in areas like predictive modeling for patient outcomes, monitoring and managing chronic diseases, personalized treatment planning, and real-time alerting systems for critical care. Current studies focused on leveraging self-supervised learning methods to fully exploit the potential of such data without requiring a large number of labels. However, current methods use non-adaptive, hand-configured intensities, provide no mechanism for automatically discovering hard augmentations, and seldom integrate magnitude and temporal domains. To fill this gap, our study introduces robust self-supervised learning for unlabeled time-series data. Specifically, we propose a novel parameterized augmentor that emphasizes training on challenging samples to enhance learning effectiveness. Additionally, our temporal augmentation strategy is designed to add diversity to the temporal aspect of the data by time stretching and compression. Furthermore, alternating training framework is designed to integrate the augmentor with other model components for the min−max optimization, while using three unique loss functions to capture a broad spectrum of both global and predictive features effectively. Our experimental results demonstrate that this approach significantly outperforms existing methods, especially in scenarios with limited labeled data, and shows remarkable proficiency in cross-domain feature extraction.

The extent to which emotion shapes memory for the temporal aspects of experience remains debated, with prior studies reporting conflicting results. To resolve these discrepancies, we conducted a comprehensive three-level meta-analysis of 33 studies (44 experiments, 79 effect sizes), systematically evaluating how emotion influences different forms of temporal memory-namely temporal order, temporal source, and temporal distance. Emotion selectively enhanced relative temporal memory: temporal order (Hedges's g = 0.35, 95% CI [0.11, 0.59]) and temporal source memory (g = 0.28, 95% CI [0.05, 0.51]) showed significant improvement. In contrast, no significant overall effects emerged for absolute temporal judgments (temporal distance: g = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.49]). Moderator analyses identified that dynamic stimuli (e.g., videos) provided greater enhancement of temporal order memory than static materials, likely due to their inherent temporal structure and ecological validity. Additionally, pure lists of emotional items facilitated coherent encoding of event sequences more than mixed lists. These findings demonstrate that emotion's influence on temporal memory is selective rather than universal, with specific emotional characteristics and methodological factors critically determining the direction and magnitude of effects, thereby helping reconcile previous disparate findings. This work highlights the interplay of attentional allocation, contextual binding, and consolidation processes in shaping the mnemonic trace for "when."

Textbooks are very important when planning and conducting lessons. This article examines the new editions of the most widely used German textbooks for the 5th and 6th grades in Austria regarding the presentation of linguistic means for the expression of temporality. The analysis is conducted as a qualitative textbook study, systematically examining and evaluating how temporal structures are presented, with a particular focus on the tense system. As an exemplary case, the study focuses on the Futur I, which serves as a key interface between temporal and modal aspects. The analysis shows that recent linguistic and didactic research results on the tense system and its teaching are only partially considered and that traditional grammar didactic concepts are still prominently represented.

Cholesterol is essential for organization of neurotransmitter release machinery, yet how it regulates the balance among different forms of synaptic exo- and endocytosis remains poorly understood. Moreover, which pre-synaptic processes rely on neuronal vs astrocyte-derived cholesterol is unknown. Using nanoscale-precision imaging of single-vesicle release in hippocampal synapses we demonstrate that astrocytic cholesterol is a critical determinant of both temporal and spatial aspects of presynaptic dynamics by differentially modulating the two main forms of synchronous release, uni-vesicular (UVR) and multi-vesicular (MVR), effectively fine-tuning their balance. Disruption of astrocytic cholesterol trafficking to neurons combined with its re-supplementation demonstrated that astrocyte-derived cholesterol is necessary and sufficient to determine the UVR/MVR balance. Moreover, astrocytic cholesterol determines the spatial distribution of vesicle release by modulating utilization of different release sites across the active zone. Astrocytic cholesterol also regulates the balance of the two main forms of single-vesicle endocytosis, fast and ultra-fast. These findings suggest that astrocytic cholesterol supply is a critical modulator of synaptic strength that fine-tunes the balance of different forms of synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis.