Barley yellow mosaic disease (BYMD), a soilborne viral disease, severely compromises winter barley productivity. This disease is caused by barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and the barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), occurring in either single or mixed infections. To elucidate pathogenesis, 10 barley varieties with differential resistance were systematically analyzed. Virus-specific RT-qPCR revealed distinct accumulation patterns of BaYMV and BaMMV in infected tissues. Crucially, transmission requires temperatures persistently below 10°C for 40 to 54 days, facilitating viral entry into roots followed by rapid systemic movement to leaves. Varieties infected with BaYMV, BaMMV, or both showed variations in relative expression levels of BaYMV/BaMMV even among those infected with the same virus. BYMD resulted in a significant reduction in plant height, internode length, spike number, and grain weight per plant in susceptible barley varieties. Notably, infection with BaYMV alone had a more pronounced impact on agronomic traits compared with infection with BaMMV alone. The agronomic traits exhibited similar reductions across the selected varieties, irrespective of whether they were coinfected with BaYMV and BaMMV or infected solely with BaYMV. Virus detection by ELISA correlated with relative viral expression levels, yielding R2 values of 0.7745 (BaYMV) and 0.6689 (BaMMV). Similarly, disease severity values quantified by standardized area under disease progress stairs (sAUDPS) correlated with relative viral expression levels (R2 = 0.7264 for BaYMV and R2 = 0.4402 for BaMMV). Importantly, higher sAUDPS values were associated with greater deterioration in agronomic traits. Genetic analysis confirmed eIF4E as a key resistance source against BYMD and identified QRym.ZN1-7H as an additional major resistance locus. This study holds substantial implications for barley breeding programs aimed at enhancing disease resistance as it facilitates yield prediction under disease pressure and helps the development of early preventive strategies.

Pea powdery mildew severely reduces crop yield and quality, yet the dynamic molecular and metabolic regulatory networks underlying resistance differences between different pea varieties remain poorly understood. Here, we profiled the defense landscape of susceptible (Longwan 3) and resistant (Longwan 5) pea varieties across three infection stages (0, 3, and 6 days post-inoculation) via integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Multi-omics data revealed pronounced differences in metabolic reconfiguration (1754 metabolites identified) and transcriptional reprogramming (34566 genes annotated) between the two pea cultivars. Integrated Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) consistently identified the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway as the core pathway driving powdery mildew resistance. The resistant variety exhibited sustained upregulation of key biosynthetic genes (e.g., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase), which directly drove the accumulation of defensive metabolites including ferulic acid and sinapic acid. Although some gene-metabolite correlations were consistent, others (e.g., those involving β-glucosidase and peroxidase genes) reflected a complex, multi-layered regulatory network involving post-transcriptional regulation and metabolic feedback mechanisms. Our study advances our understanding of dynamic defense mechanisms in legumes, and offers novel molecular targets for enhancing powdery mildew resistance, as well as efficient markers for precision breeding of elite pea varieties.

Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassica, severely threatens the rapeseed industry in China, with an annual affected area exceeding 667000 hectares. To elucidate the mechanisms in clubroot resistance, we compared the differences in soil physicochemical properties, rhizosphere microbiome, and transcriptomic responses between a susceptible variety, HYZ62 (disease index 54.86), and a resistant variety, HYZ5R (disease index 17.05), following P. brassicae infection. The results showed that the electrical conductivity of HYZ5R (R) was 1.73 and 1.57 times that of HYZ62 (S) in the inoculated and uninoculated treatments, respectively. Compared to the 17.18% decrease in alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen content in HYZ62 (S) after inoculation, its content in HYZ5R (R) showed no significant difference. The rhizosphere microbial community significantly differed between HYZ5R (R) and HYZ62 (S), with HYZ5R (R) exhibiting higher relative abundances of several microbial genera, such as Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Humibacter, Dyella, and Trichoderma. Although Bacillus had a significantly higher relative abundance in the rhizosphere of uninoculated HYZ62 (S), its relative abundance decreased by 30.36% after infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed that, compared to HYZ62 (S), the expression of pattern-triggered immunity-related genes, such as CML, WRKY, and PR1, was higher in HYZ5R (R) and was more strongly induced upon inoculation. Effector-triggered immunity-related genes, such as RIN4, RPS5, and HSP90, were consistently expressed at higher levels. In contrast, HYZ62 (S) showed a broad suppression of defense-related gene expression after inoculation. Furthermore, although P. brassicae infection generally suppressed defense-related secondary metabolic pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the expression levels of multiple genes in this pathway remained higher in HYZ5R (R). Together, these results suggest that the higher relative abundances of specific microbial taxa in the rhizosphere and the high expression of defense-related genes are associated with the clubroot resistance in HYZ5R (R).

Seed priming with dopamine reduced fluoride-bioaccumulation, induced endogenous dopamine level, thereby orchestrating phytohormone homeostasis and biogenic amine metabolism, and modulating osmolyte and antioxidant machinery to enhance fluoride- tolerance in rice. DNA methylation plays a critical role in plant immunity, yet its regulatory mechanism in cotton Verticillium wilt (VW) resistance remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that dynamic DNA methylation is essential for cotton defense against Verticillium dahliae. Silencing of methyltransferase and demethylase genes via VIGS both compromised VW resistance, indicating that resistance depends on a balanced methylation homeostasis. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing revealed asymmetric methylation patterns between A and D subgenomes and significant CHH hypermethylation upon pathogen infection, particularly in euchromatic regions. Integrated methylome and transcriptome analyses showed that methylation status, especially in promoter regions, inversely correlates with gene expression. The RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway emerged as a central regulator, with AGO4 silencing enhancing VW resistance and affecting methylation of key defense genes, including phenylpropanoid and pectin methylesterase genes. Specifically, GhCYP71, a negative regulator of VW resistance, exhibited CHH methylation differences in its 5'UTR between resistant and susceptible varieties, and its expression was directly regulated by DNA methylation. Yeast two-hybrid identified AGO4-interacting proteins including ADH1, suggesting crosstalk between epigenetic regulation and metabolic status. Our findings establish that RdDM-mediated DNA methylation reprogramming precisely modulates defense gene expression, providing a mechanistic framework for epigenetic immunity and potential targets for breeding VW-resistant cotton.

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a major threat to tea cultivation; however, the molecular mechanism underlying different resistance among tea cultivars remains unclear. We identified distinct expression patterns of CsMYB82 between anthracnose-resistant and susceptible varieties after infection with anthracnose from previous RNA-seq data. Wefurther investigated the role of CsMYB82 within a lignin-associated regulatory network during anthracnose responses. We found that CsMYB1 negatively regulates CsMYB82 expression by Y1H screen. Additionally, we identified the interaction between CsMYB82 and CsbHLH48 both invitro and invivo. DNA-affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) revealed that CsMYB82 directly binds to the promoter of CsCAD4, and this binding activity is enhanced in the presence of CsbHLH48. Functional analyses indicated that overexpression of CsMYB82 or CsCAD4 in tobacco and tea leaves was associated with increased susceptibility to anthracnose, whereas transient silencing of CsMYB82 or CsCAD4 via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in tea leaves resulted in reduced disease symptoms accompanied by elevated lignin accumulation. The functionalanalysis of CsMYB1 showed the opposite phenotype. Collectively, these results suggest that CsMYB82 participates in a transcriptional regulatory module involving CsMYB1, CsbHLH48, and CsCAD4, which modulates lignin biosynthesis and influences anthracnose responses in tea plants. This study provides mechanistic insights into the transcriptional regulation of lignin-associated defence responses and contributes to a better understanding of anthracnose resistance in tea.

Field identification of cowpea variety resistance against Megalurothrips usitatus and the metabolomics-based resistance mechanism

Farnesol nanoemulsions modulate growth and metabolism under Fusarium oxysporum exposure, and defense gene expression in lettuce

Effect of infection timing and chemotype of Fusarium asiaticum on fusarium head blight and mycotoxin accumulation in rice.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plays a crucial role in global agriculture and food security, being the fourth most important cereal worldwide. Despite its significance, barley production faces threats, particularly from rust diseases, which can cause substantial yield losses, reaching 50-70% in susceptible varieties during epidemics. Additionally, changing climate patterns, including temperature fluctuations and unseasonal rainfall, contribute to the evolution of more virulent rust pathotypes, negatively impacting barley production. In response to these challenges, the development and deployment of rust-resistant barley cultivars have become imperative. The quest for rust resistance in barley has been a dynamic research area, initially relying on conventional breeding methods focused on phenotypic performance. Over time, various breeding methods such as pedigree breeding, backcrossing, single seed descent, recurrent selection, and doubled haploidy have been employed. However, the advent of molecular technologies has revolutionized the field, providing new avenues for discovering rust-resistant genes and developing improved barley varieties. Techniques like marker-assisted selection, quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification, cloning, etc. opened new avenues for discovering rust-resistant genes and developing improved barley varieties. These molecular approaches provide more precise and efficient means for identifying and introducing desirable traits. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of these advanced breeding strategies, offering insights that can contribute for effective management of barley leaf rust management and ensure the sustained success of barley production in the face of evolving challenges.

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a major constraint on global soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production, causing substantial economic losses worldwide. Despite these losses, the potential of resistance genes as a solution remains largely unexplored. In this study, the COPPER CHAPERONE FOR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (GmCCS) was initially employed as a bait to screen the soybean cDNA library, leading to the identification of a protein homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana COP9 signalosome complex subunit 5B (AtCSN5B), designated as GmCSN5B. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed differential expression of GmCSN5B in the SMV-resistant (Qihuang No.1, QH) and susceptible (Nannong 1138-2, NN) variety following SMV-SC3 strain inoculation. Knockdown of GmCSN5B via Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) significantly enhanced SMV resistance compared to control plants. This work further demonstrated that GmCSN5B can interact with the downstream GmVTC1 protein, which was potentially associated with ascorbic acid (AsA; Vitamin C) synthesis. Moreover, GmVTC1 also responded to SMV infection, and its knockdown led to a reduction in endogenous AsA levels within the host, thereby compromising the plant's resistance to SMV. Together, these findings suggest that the GmCCS-GmCSN5B-GmVTC1 pathway in soybean modulates host resistance to SMV through the regulation of AsA synthesis.

In Canada, the orange wheat blossom midge (hereafter called wheat midge), Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), causes millions of dollars of damage to wheat crops every year. Host plant nutrition directly or indirectly influences insect oviposition owing to their higher food quality. We tested the effect of fertilizer rates (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 g per pot) on plant growth parameters, tissue nitrogen (N) content, protein content, wheat midge oviposition, and larval performance using a susceptible wheat cultivar, 'Roblin'. We also examined the volatile organic compound (VOC) profile in plants grown under different fertilization regimes using thermal desorption comprehensive 2D gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TD-GC × GC-TOFMS) to test whether VOCs are influenced by plant fertilization. Higher fertilization rates increased plant fresh weight and number of spikes per plant. However, the highest percentage of nitrogen and protein content were observed in the moderate fertilization treatment, followed by the high and low treatments. Wheat midge laid proportionally more eggs in the moderate than in the high fertilization treatments, with intermediate numbers of eggs observed in the low fertilization treatment, in choice oviposition tests. Fertilizer treatments did not affect the total number of wheat midge eggs and larvae, and the average larval weight in no-choice tests. The VOC profile of plants in the moderate and high fertilization treatments differed from that of the low fertilization treatment. Plant fertilization increases plant growth, nitrogen, and protein levels, alters the VOC profile, and affects female wheat midge oviposition preference. Increased egg-laying may be affected by the observed changes in the VOC profile, which warrants further investigation comparing the effects of fertilization on the VOC profiles of susceptible and oviposition-deterrent wheat varieties. Under no-choice conditions we did not detect fertilization effects on wheat midge oviposition or early development, but future studies should focus on potential effects on adults and their reproduction. These findings provide a deeper understanding of how plant nutrients influence wheat midge-host plant interactions. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Pear (Pyrus communis L.) production worldwide exceeds 26 million tons, with over 70% of this production occurring in China. The most significant disease that seriously reduces pear yield is fire blight, caused by the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora. In terms of disease resistance, it is known that biochemical characteristics such as phenolic compounds play an important role in addition to the genetic characteristics of the variety.This study aimed to compare the resistance levels of fire blight disease-resistant genotypes and susceptible cultivars using certain chemical analyses. According to the results, average the soluble solid content (SSC) ratio and pH value were found to be statistically significantly higher in resistant genotypes, while the total phenol value, catechin, and arbutin amounts were also found to be higher in resistant genotypes compared to susceptible cultivars. On the other hand, although titratable acidity (TA), total flavonoid and chlorogenic acid content were higher in susceptible varieties compared to resistant varieties, the results were not statistically significant. Among all cultivars and genotypes, genotype II-14-37 was found to have the highest values for total phenol, total flavonoid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and arbutin content compared to the others. These results indicate that phenolic compounds play an important role in the resistance mechanism against fire blight in pears and that catechin and arbutin levels, in particular, can be used as potential biochemical indicators. Furthermore, SSC and pH values can also be added to these results as appropriate biochemical analyses.

A plant's phenotype is determined by the traits of both the plant itself and its associated microbiome. However, we still have a poor understanding of the extent to which plant microbial recruitment contributes to disease resistance. We conducted a cross-inoculation experiment in which rhizosphere microbiomes from Fusarium wilt-resistant and susceptible banana varieties were collected and used to colonize the next planting cycle, and microbiome dynamics during recruitment and transfer were tracked. Culture-based approaches were used to construct synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) and test the effects of variety-specific metabolites on isolated strains. Transferring the rhizosphere microbiome from a highly resistant variety to a susceptible variety reduced Fusarium wilt pathogen abundance by 37.65% compared with transferring the susceptible plant's microbiome, while sterilized microbiomes had no detectable effect. Constructed SynComs recapitulated the suppressive effects of their source microbiomes, and metabolites derived from the highly resistant variety, characterized by enrichment of shikimic acid, stearic acid, and D-(-)-ribofuranose, promoted the growth of these beneficial microbes. Our results highlight that plant resistance levels are largely determined by the plant's ability to recruit a disease-suppressive microbiome, suggesting that enhancing microbial recruitment may represent an avenue to improve the disease resistance of susceptible varieties.

Rhizoctonia crown and root rot (RCRR), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is the most common root disease of sugar beet in Minnesota and eastern North Dakota. Under favorable weather conditions, crown rot and root rot are evident often accompanied by chlorotic and wilting foliage. Typical root rot symptoms appear as dark brown to black lesions on the surface in a ladder-like pattern. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of conventional fungicides applied postemergence as a 7-in. band or as a broadcast for managing RCRR. The trial was conducted at the University of Minnesota, Northwest Research and Outreach Center in Crookston, MN, on a moderately susceptible sugar beet variety ( Beta vulgaris ‘Crystal 793RR’). Results from this trial will help sugar beet growers in making informed management decisions for Rhizoctonia root rot.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to identify the resistant varieties/entries of linseed against Alternaria blight disease and recommend them for cultivation in epidemic areas. Methodology: A total of 144 linseed germplasms were field-screened for resistance to Alternaria blight at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, during the Rabi seasons of 2020–21, 2021–22 and 2022–23. Standard non replicated field trials with controls were conducted, and disease response was assessed at multiple growth stages. Entries were classified as resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, or highly susceptible based on their disease reaction. Results: Out of 144 linseed germplasm screened, seven entries were found to be resistant to Alternaria blight: CI 1552, GS 440, H 40, LC 2945, PKDL 167, Priyam and RL 15561. Additionally, 22 entries exhibited moderate resistance, while 60 entries showed moderate susceptibility to the disease. Remaining entries were either susceptible or highly susceptible to Alternaria blight. Interpretation: The identified resistant and moderately resistant linseed entries can be recommended for cultivation in Alternaria blight-prone areas to mitigate disease impact. Their use can help minimize yield losses, reduce reliance on chemical control, and support sustainable linseed production. Susceptible varieties should be prioritized for genetic improvement using resistant gene pools. Key words: Disease resistance, Genotype screening, Linseed, Natural condition

Drought stress severely impacts mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] production, making exploration of drought tolerance and breeding strategies critical. This study investigated drought resistance mechanisms in ten mung bean cultivars under polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000)-induced water deficit, analyzing germination, morphology, and physiology. Drought impaired vigor index (VI) and seedling growth across all cultivars, with mung bean Bing 20 exhibiting reduced VI (76.28%) and seedling length (63.47%). Drought induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bursts, exacerbating membrane lipid peroxidation and elevating malondialdehyde levels, wherein increased H2O2 content in Bing 18 (2.02-fold) and elevated malondialdehyde content in Bing 17 (36.64%). Mung bean activated superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase antioxidant enzymes to mitigate oxidative damage and enhanced seed vigor by upregulating amylase and osmolyte accumulation (soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein, and proline); α-amylase activity in Jin 8 was elevated by 1.68-fold, while Jin 1 exhibited increased starch (1.57-fold) and proline content (40.28-fold). Based on drought resistance coefficients derived from these traits, correlation and principal component analyses (PCA) were performed. Mung bean Jin 1, Jin 7, Jin 8, Bing 11, and Bing 18 were identified as relatively tolerant, whereas Bing 16, Bing 17, Bing 19, Bing 20, and Bing 21 exhibited greater susceptibility. Correlation analysis revealed contrasting metabolic strategies tolerant varieties prioritized rapid early growth, while susceptible varieties showed a complex balance of growth, defense, and osmotic adjustment. PCA identified germination index and seedling length as key drought resistance screening traits. These findings enhance understanding of drought tolerance and facilitate selection of varieties. HIGHLIGHTS: Drought tolerance of ten mung bean cultivars was comprehensively evaluated based on germination, morphological, and physiological profiles under PEG-induced stress. Distinct drought response strategies were revealed between tolerant (prioritizing rapid early growth) and susceptible (balancing growth, defense, and osmotic adjustment) mung bean varieties. Germination index and seedling length were identified as key indicators for screening drought-tolerant mung bean varieties.

Globodera pallida poses a major threat to potato production, with management strategies primarily relying on genetic resistance. However, increasing virulence in field populations across Western Europe raises major concerns for G. pallida control. To investigate the evolutionary mechanisms driving this rise in virulence, we propagated 13 field populations on 30 commercial potato varieties. Our findings indicate that the genetic basis of resistance in potatoes is small, with the major resistance conferred by GpaV from Solanum vernei. The wide application of GpaVvrn has led to continuous selection on standing genetic variation in G. pallida. To map virulence, we propagated two field populations on a GpaVvrn-resistant variety for five generations. High-coverage whole-genome sequencing of each generation revealed that GpaVvrn-mediated selection acted on a single locus of a newly assembled G. pallida Rookmaker reference genome. Examination of this virulence-associated locus identified Gp-pat-1 as a candidate gene. Silencing Gp-pat-1 increased virulence on a GpaVvrn-resistant variety but had no effect on nematode virulence on a susceptible variety, classifying Gp-pat-1 as an avirulence gene. Our findings show that GpaVvrn-mediated negative selection on Gp-pat-1 is driving the emergence of virulence and improves our understanding of resistance breakdown and the evolutionary dynamics of nematode adaptation in the field.

Abstract. Khaerana, Musa Y, Patandjengi B, Riadi M. 2026. Physiological and optical indicators of tungro severity across rice varieties with different resistance levels. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100110. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100110. Tungro disease is a serious threat to rice production, with potential yield losses reaching 99% depending on the severity. This study evaluated the physiological response of rice plants to tungro infection, focusing on chlorophyll and anthocyanin content and light interaction characteristics. The study was conducted on six rice varieties with varying resistance levels (TN1, Inpari 13, Inpari 30, Inpari 36, Inpari 37, and M70D) using a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Tungro infection was established through controlled inoculation using two adult green leafhoppers (Nephotettix virescens) per plant and confirmed by PCR targeting Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV). Disease severity was assessed using a visual scale ranging from 1 (no symptoms) to 9 (severe stunting and leaf discoloration). Analysis of variance revealed a significant infection × variety interaction, indicating that physiological and optical responses to tungro differed among rice varieties according to their resistance level. The results showed that chlorophyll a content decreased by up to 42.8% in the susceptible variety (TN1), while chlorophyll b remained relatively stable (p>0.05). Anthocyanin content increased up to 2.7-fold in plants with a severity score of 9 compared to healthy plants. Tungro infestation reduced light absorption by up to 38.6% and increased reflection and transmission by 21.4% and 24.7%, respectively, indicating a response to mesophyll tissue damage. These findings suggest that a combination of physiological and spectral parameters can be used as an early indicator of tungro infection. This approach can potentially be developed as a rapid and non-destructive phenotyping method for breeding tungro-resistant rice varieties and to support precision optical sensor-based detection systems.

Through an integrated approach of genetic mapping, transcriptomics, and functional validation, we identified VrGSTU18 as the primary gene associated with fomesafen resistance in mung bean, providing a genetic resource for breeding herbicide-resistant varieties. Herbicides are widely applied for weed control in mung bean cultivation, and the development of new varieties with herbicide resistance is critical for weed management. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, derived from a cross between the fomesafen-resistant variety LZ177 and susceptible variety LD235, was used to map the genes related to fomesafen herbicide resistance. Genetic segregation analysis indicated that fomesafen resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene, following a 3:1 ratio. Genetic mapping combined BSA-seq revealed a candidate region of 1.17Mb on chromosome 11. RNA-seq analysis of residual heterozygous line 198-comparing resistant (RHL198-R) and susceptible (RHL198-S) bulks at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72h after fomesafen treatment-identified 14,402 herbicide-responsive genes. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) further identified nine modules highly correlated with fomesafen resistance, of which 13 potential candidate genes were selected within the 1.17Mb interval. Among these, one-base (A) insertion/deletion in the exon of jg37117, which encode a tau-class glutathione S-transferase U18 (GSTU18), emerged as the most promising candidate gene. Heterologous expression of VrGSTU18 cloned from LZ177 in Arabidopsis conferred enhanced fomesafen resistance in T1 transgenic seedlings compared to wild-type plants. These findings identified VrGSTU18 as a key candidate gene responsible for fomesafen resistance and provided a theoretical basis for molecular breeding in mung bean.

Rice volatiles play a crucial role in mediating resistance to the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a major pest of rice crops. In this study, we analyzed secondary metabolites from rice plants to identify compounds associated with insect behavior. A total of 31 volatile metabolites were detected, among which 16 differed significantly between 51 resistant or susceptible varieties. Fifteen volatiles were more abundant in susceptible plants, while one was enriched in resistant varieties. Electrophysiological (EAG) and Y-tube olfactometer assays revealed that both male and female adults exhibited positive chemotaxis toward five volatiles: Cyclohexanone, 2,2,6-trimethyl-; 3-Cyclohexen-1-one, 3,5,5-trimethyl-; (+)-Isomenthol; Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester; and 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol. In contrast, male adults were repelled by Benzaldehyde, 3-ethyl-, and 3-Buten-2-one, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-. These results indicate that characteristic volatiles serve as functional cues for host selection and may act as phytochemical markers for assessing rice resistance. The findings provide new insights into plant-insect chemical interactions and suggest potential strategies for environmentally friendly pest management, including the use of attractant- or repellent-based approaches and breeding for optimized volatile profiles to control N. lugens.