Short Research Articles

Urbanization of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia and the Far East (20th to Early 21st Centuries)

This article integrates studies relating to the history of urban communities of Siberian and Far Eastern indigenous peoples. A multidisciplinary approach to urbanization processes is used; their stages, rates, causes, and principal characteristics are analyzed. The database consists of our own fi eld fi ndings, published results of sociological studies, and those of All-Union and All-Russian population censuses. Three stages of urbanization affecting indigenous Siberians are described, and their factors and mechanisms are evaluated. The process is characterized by intense migration of indigenous peoples to the towns and cities during the recent period, accompanied by large-scale industrial development, and the transition of aboriginal societies from the traditional to the modern lifestyle. The urbanization, however, has not been completed, because of the underdeveloped urban infrastructure and the fact that many indigenous peoples to the cities had retained their rural traditions. The sa lient characteristic of the urbanization of indigenous peoples in the macroregion is that it was asynchronous, and that its sh ort intense phase, whereby the indigenous peoples mostly moved to nearby towns and urbanized villages in the 1960s–1970s, did not extend to all indigenous communities. Urbanization was incomplete in terms of both quality and quantity, and the integration of indigenous peoples into the urban space has engendered serious problems. According to the All-Russian population census of 2010, only fi ve indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Far East had completed the urbanization process: Kereks, Mansi, Nivkhs, Uilta and Shors. Currently, most indigenous peoples are medium-urbanized. The lowest level of urbanization is among the Soyots, Siberian Tatars, Telengits, Tofalars, Tubalars, Chelkans, Chulyms, and Tozhu Tuvans. We conclude that urbanization among the indigenous peoples is a long, diffi cult, and contradictory process, which, in modern Siberia, triggers many ethnocultural and ethno-social transformations of regional multiethnic communities.

Does femoral stem choice influence fracture type or incidence for direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty?

Despite similar fracture rates, the incidence of intraoperative and post-operative fractures between standard (ST) length and short (SH) femoral stems remains unclear. Therefore, this study compared the incidence of intraoperative and early postoperative fractures between three ST and a single tapered-wedge SH femoral stem. Data were retrospectively collected on 1113 patients (1306 hips) having undergone total hip arthroplasty, via the anterior approach on a fracture table, between 2014 and 2019. One surgeon completed all ST procedures (314 hips), using one of three implants without discretion. One surgeon completed all SH procedures (992 hips), using one implant design. Differences between ST and SH groups were evaluated by independent t tests (continuous variables) and Chi-square tests (categorical variables). Patients in the SH group were significantly older (p < 0.001) and had a lower body mass index (p = 0.001) compared to the ST group. The total number of fractures was 12 (3.8%) and 14 (1.4%) in the ST and SH groups, respectively. The 12 ST fractures occurred intraoperatively, compared to two (0.2%) in the SH group. The remaining seven (0.7%) SH fractures occurred post-operatively. There was no difference in fracture rate between the three ST designs (p = 0.882). Interestingly, five (0.5%) insufficiency fractures were diagnosed in the SH group. The risk of intraoperative and post-operative fractures following anterior total hip arthroplasty may be biased toward ST and SH implants, respectively. These results, along with the presence of five insufficient fractures, identify potential fracture risks and mechanisms for specific implant designs.

Abstract MP17: TLR4 May Play A Role In Accelerated Atherosclerosis In Beta Thalassemia

Beta Thalassemia (BT) is an autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy that affects 80 million people worldwide. Children with BT display an increase in carotid-intima media thickness, an early sign suggestive of premature atherosclerosis. However, it is unknown if there is a direct relationship between BT and atherosclerotic disease. BT has increased free heme leading to ROS generation directly or via Toll Like Receptor (TLR4) activation, but the role of heme in disease progression in BT is poorly characterized. The aim of this study is to evaluate the progression of atherosclerosis in BT mice and the potential role of TLR4. Atherosclerosis was induced by implementing short (ST) and long term (LT) models. In our ST model, both BT ( Hbb th-3 ) and wild type (b6) male/female littermates (n=5) were fed a Paigen high fat diet (PD) for 8 weeks. On week 2, mice were injected with AAV8-PCSK9 to knockdown the LDL receptor. On weeks 4-8, mice were treated with Angiotensin ll via subcutaneous osmotic pumps implantation. The LT model was performed by placing mice on 3 months of PD with PCSK9 overexpression. Atherosclerosis was evaluated by atherosclerotic plaque lesion area of the descending aorta via en face analysis, histology of the aortic roots, and RT-qPCR of inflammatory markers. In addition, to evaluate the possible contribution of TLR4 in atherosclerosis, bone marrow transplants were performed by grafting WT and BT bone marrow (n=2-4) to both b6 and TLR4 -/- mice, and atherosclerosis was performed as described in our LT model.In our ST model, aortic en face analysis revealed elevated plaque accumulation in BT mice (WT: 22 ± 4% plaque area vs. Thal: 45 ± 11% plaque area, p = .024). Aortic root (H&amp;E) analysis did not display a significant difference in our ST model, but it was significantly increased in the LT model. Gene expression profiling indicated a significant increase in both IL-6 and CD-68 (p&lt;0.041) in BT mice. In our BMT experiments, we saw a significant decrease in aortic root plaque in TLR4 -/- mice with Thal BM (.24 ± .06 mm 2 ) compared to wild type mice with Thal BM (.39 ± .07 mm 2 ). Our data demonstrate for the first time that the underlying pathophysiology of BT clearly leads to accelerated atherosclerosis and suggest TLR4 is playing a role in atherosclerotic development in BT.

Alguns contributos das Neurociências para a Educação: Os ambientes enriquecidos aumentam a capacidade de aprendizagem do nosso cérebro?

A reflexão e a discussão sobre o papel da especificação genética e da experiência na aquisição de uma função e no desenvolvimento de um indivíduo traduz um debate fascinante e muito atual entre quem trabalha na área do desenvolvimento do comportamento. Acerca do desenvolvimento do comportamento humano e da influência da herança biológica e do meio ambiente estabeleceram-se posições desencontradas e, por vezes, exclusivistas. De um lado, os adeptos da herança genética excluem a possibilidade da influência do meio ambiente. Do outro lado, os adeptos do meio ambiente excluem a herança genética. Existe também uma posição eclética, conciliando ambos os extremos. Além disso, no âmbito das próprias tendências surgem matizes diferenciadoras. Trata-se, portanto, de um assunto bastante polémico ao qual dedicamos este trabalho numa perspetiva das Neurociências. Abordaremos a neuroplasticidade cerebral como a capacidade que o sistema nervoso possui de mudar e adaptar-se, em resposta a estímulos internos e externos, induzindo alterações estruturais e / ou funcionais, ao longo da vida. A plasticidade cerebral constitui um dos pilares dos processos de aprendizagem e de memória. Quando se aprende e se memoriza ou quando se descobre algo desconhecido, a nova experiência deixa uma marca que se traduz em alterações no cérebro. Em suma, o papel das Neurociências no domínio das Ciências da Educação vai ganhando corpo e o conceito de neuroplasticidade é uma condição sine qua non para se tentar estabelecer uma ligação entre a educação, o comportamento e o cérebro.

Maxicircle architecture and evolutionary insights into Trypanosoma cruzi complex.

We sequenced maxicircles from T. cruzi strains representative of the species evolutionary diversity by using long-read sequencing, which allowed us to uncollapse their repetitive regions, finding that their real lengths range from 35 to 50 kb. T. cruzi maxicircles have a common architecture composed of four regions: coding region (CR), AT-rich region, short (SR) and long repeats (LR). Distribution of genes, both in order and in strand orientation are conserved, being the main differences the presence of deletions affecting genes coding for NADH dehydrogenase subunits, reinforcing biochemical findings that indicate that complex I is not functional in T. cruzi. Moreover, the presence of complete minicircles into maxicircles of some strains lead us to think about the origin of minicircles. Finally, a careful phylogenetic analysis was conducted using coding regions of maxicircles from up to 29 strains, and 1108 single copy nuclear genes from all of the DTUs, clearly establishing that taxonomically T. cruzi is a complex of species composed by group 1 that contains clades A (TcI), B (TcIII) and D (TcIV), and group 2 (1 and 2 do not coincide with groups I and II described decades ago) containing clade C (TcII), being all hybrid strains of the BC type. Three variants of maxicircles exist in T. cruzi: a, b and c, in correspondence with clades A, B, and C from mitochondrial phylogenies. While A and C carry maxicircles a and c respectively, both clades B and D carry b maxicircle variant; hybrid strains also carry the b- variant. We then propose a new nomenclature that is self-descriptive and makes use of both the phylogenetic relationships and the maxicircle variants present in T. cruzi.

Traduzione audiovisiva e accessibilità. Riflessioni a partire da alcuni conflitti epistemici in ambito formativo

Over the past few years, the question of accessibility has become a central driver in Audiovisual Translation and, through this area, has spread into the field of Translation Studies. However, the ways in which accessibility is discussed and framed within Audiovisual Translation are not neutral. Following a short introduction to threshold concepts theory, the results of an investigation on threshold concepts conducted with a group of postgraduate Audiovisual Translation students are discussed. I then elaborate on some of their replies, which highlight a series of epistemic conflicts. I discuss how those conflicts may be related to the different ways that accessibility is introduced and discussed in AVT education. In the conclusion, I briefly discuss how such conflicts are connected to different ways of interpreting the claim that (audiovisual) translation is accessibility , and I argue in favour of a weak interpretation of said claim.

Senior Optimist pursues a better Future Beyond the COVID–19 Pandemic

The author claims that the COVID-19 Pandemic signalizes that time comes for making some changes. In short, he calls us to care more about people and their needs, about Earth and Nature and their potential unknown threats, rather than concentrating on the obsolete Capitalist call of "making money." Although nobody can assess the magnitude of these issues, the author estimates it as a very significant Issue. The COVID-19 pandemic clearly indicates how important and critical is the Public Sector in the fight against this enemy. Private funds were important but relatively less. The Author calls and offers a six steps strategy, for developing and inspiring people from all walks of life and all social classes. Finally, the Author believes that, it makes sense and justified to invest money and efforts in developing and empowering human-beings, as they are the keys and the leverage, the A and the Z, for every significant issue or project.

Diana Lemberg. Barriers Down: How American Power and Free-Flow Policies Shaped Global Media. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019. 304 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-18217-1, $26.00 (paper); ISBN 978-0-231-18216-4, $60.00 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-231-54403-0, $25.99 (e-book).

Diana Lemberg. Barriers Down: How American Power and Free-Flow Policies Shaped Global Media. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019. 304 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-18217-1, $25.99 (e-book). - Volume 22 Issue 2

Critique &amp; Praxis is nothing short of a colossal achievement, which will be discussed for years to come

<i>Critique &amp; Praxis</i> is nothing short of a colossal achievement, which will be discussed for years to come

Laboratory tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection: basic principles and examples.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has circulated throughout the world causing the worst pandemic since 1918. All efforts have been marshalled towards testing different treatment approaches, obtaining clinical and epidemiological information, developing suitable diagnostic tests, and developing new vaccines. New ribonucleic acid (RNA)-based and viral vector-based vaccines have been developed and licensed under emergency use in many countries; however, there is a huge demand for vaccines, and it will take some time before a sufficient number of people are vaccinated to stop the circulation of the virus. Therefore, the proper diagnosis and identification of infected individuals are crucial for the isolation and treatment of these patients and tracing of their contacts. Many diagnostic tests and diag-nostic kits have been developed in a relatively short time. This review summarizes the principles of the available laboratory assays that are in use for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antigens, or antibodies.

(2009-6145) Multi-criteria decision making based on q-rung orthopair fuzzy promethee approach

The preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluations (PROMETHEE) {constitutes a family of outranking} multiple-attribute decision-making (MADM) methods {that has been adopted by researchers from many areas during} the last years.It provides reliable and clear results {thanks to the} advantages of different types of preference functions.{In this paper, we incorporate the benefits of q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (for short, q-ROFS) in this strategy of solution.} {This model, q-ROFS, is a generalized form of Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS)}, as it {broadens} the space of acceptable orthopairs and {has} an ability to deal with more elaborate and vague information. The technique of {our extension of the} PROMETHEE method {uses} q-rung orthopair fuzzy numbers to {render} the ratings of alternatives, {which allows us} to express {uncertain and vague information more accurately}.The usual criterion preference function {has} been used to measure the preferences of {the} alternatives.A partial ordering of alternatives is obtained by considering the outgoing and incoming flows of alternatives, which is known as PROMETHEE I.Furthermore, a complete ordering is accomplished by taking into account the procedure of PROMETHEE II.As a numerical {exercise, we consider the selection of a contractor for a construction project}.{A full analysis} is performed {to illustrate the application of the technique that stems from our approach}.{Then we compare the results that we obtain with the results from existing approaches, including q-rung orthopair fuzzy ELECTRE, q-rung orthopair fuzzy TOPSIS, q-rung orthopair fuzzy VIKOR and q-rung orthopair fuzzy aggregation operators.In this way the accuracy and effectiveness of the presented work is conclusively validated

Reflections From My Experiences @ International CHRIE

In this short paper, the author summarizes his International CHRIE experience as one that emphasized the importance of taking responsibility, being inclusive, respecting disagreement, and continuously changing the organization.

The IFT20 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans is required for ciliogenesis and cilia-mediated behavior.

Cilia are microtubule-based organelles that carry out a wide range of critical functions throughout the development of higher animals. Regardless of their type, all cilia rely on a motor-driven, bidirectional transport system known as intraflagellar transport (IFT). Of the many components of the IFT machinery, IFT20 is one of the smallest subunits. Nevertheless, IFT20 has been shown to play critical roles in the assembly of several types of mammalian cilia. Here we show that the IFT20 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans, IFT-20, is also important for correct cilium assembly in sensory neurons. Strikingly, however, we find that IFT-20-deficient animals are able to assemble short, vestigial cilia. In spite of this, we show that practically all IFT-20-deficient animals fail to respond to environmental cues that are normally detected by cilia to modulate their behavior. Altogether, our results indicate that IFT-20 is critical for both the correct assembly and function of cilia in C. elegans.

Do Short Oral Corticosteroid Bursts Have Adverse Effects

Unlike with chronic corticosteroid therapy, short bursts of oral corticosteroids in children have not been associated with adverse effects, but few

The Universality of Some Compositions on Short Intervals

The Universality of Some Compositions on Short Intervals

The “Choosing Wisely” Campaign Has Fallen Short

The Back Letter: May 2021 - Volume 36 - Issue 5 - p 54 doi: 10.1097/01.BACK.0000750916.36337.0c

Birth injuries in newborn: A prospective study of deliveries in South-East Nigeria

Birth injury is an important cause of short and long-term deformity and disability in children. It is becoming an increasing source of litigation in developing countries. Exploring the magnitude of the problem in a resource-limited setting, and, identifying associated factors, will help reduce its occurrence. This surveillance for birth injuries is a 4-year prospective study conducted in the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH) between 2013 and 2017. Newborns with birth injuries and controls delivered around the same time with similar clinic-anthropometric parameters were enrolled for this study. One thousand nine hundred and twenty newborns were seen during the study period. Forty-six birth injuries were recorded giving in-hospital incidence rate of 24.0 (CI 17.3-30.9) per 1000 live birth. Majority (64.1%) of the injuries seen were related to the scalp. The commonest birth injuries encountered included Caput Succedaneum (41.2), Cephalohematoma (22.9), Erb’s Palsy (17.4), and shoulder dislocation (6.5). One case fatality (2.5%) due to skull fracture secondary to forceps delivery was noted. Birth weight (P=0.034), perinatal asphyxia (P=0.001) and prolonged labour (P=0.001) were significantly associated with birth injuries in the newborns surveyed. Birth injury remains a common and serious medical issue in our setting. Being proactive during antenatal care and labour could go a long way in minimizing the incidence of birth injuries and its consequences on children especially in the presence of risk factors such as high birth weight, perinatal asphyxia and prolonged labour. Key words: Birth injuries, newborns, delivery, Enugu.

Todd Westbrook, Revolution: A Short Sharp History of Scottish Wind Power – And Where it Goes From Here

Todd Westbrook, <i>Revolution: A Short Sharp History of Scottish Wind Power – And Where it Goes From Here</i>

A Presidential Short on Award Legacy: The Passing of David Schindler and Winfried Lampert

A Presidential Short on Award Legacy: The Passing of David Schindler and Winfried Lampert

A Short Note on Converting a Series into a Form of Fraction

Let for all and If the sum of a series defined as and if where for n=i, , then the sum of a series can be converted into fraction as follows .