Sanitary And Phytosanitary Measures Research Articles

Assessing the impact of non-tariff measures on Sri Lankan mango exports: insights, challenges, and recommendations

IntroductionWith the increase in non-tariff measures (NTMs) in recent years, understanding their impact on trade policies and agricultural exports is of utmost importance for countries like Sri Lanka, where the proliferation of NTMs has posed substantial impediments to its mango export industry. However, studying NTMs can be challenging due to their complex nature, diverse range, and limited information availability.MethodsThis research aims to investigate the significant effect of NTMs on Sri Lankan mango exports, identify the pivotal drivers influencing mango exports, and analyze the performance of mango exports in Sri Lanka. This study utilized a panel dataset of 16 importing countries spanning the period from 2000 to 2021. The primary focus was on examining NTM-related challenges and obstacles faced by the mango export industry in Sri Lanka. The identification and quantification of these obstacles were achieved through a multifaceted approach in which assessment of NTM-related rejections, both domestic and overseas, evaluation of NTM incidences using frequency and coverage ratio measures, and the deployment of various gravity model equations to quantify the effect of NTMs were taken into consideration. Probit, Ordinary Least Square, Random Effects, and Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimation techniques were utilized for data analysis.ResultsThe findings indicate a significant inverse correlation between the increase in the total count of NTMs and Sri Lankan mango exports if the country aims to export more mangoes to relevant markets, while Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), and Pre-shipment Inspection (PSI) contributed to increased mango exports. Among other explanatory variables, the GDP of both importing and exporting countries had a positive influence on Sri Lankan mango exports. Surprisingly, the distance to the importing country had no significant effect, though it shows a negative sign.DiscussionThis study provides valuable insights into the impact of NTMs on Sri Lankan mango exports. It highlights the considerable influence of NTMs on the overall fresh fruit export sector. We recommend proactively aligning internal quality testing regulations with the standards required by destination countries to promote future expansion.

Impact of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on agri-products quality upgrading and environmental protection.

Protecting human, animal, and plant life or health from additives, toxins, and contaminants in agri-products and promoting green free trade are the main components of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures. However, the SPS measures are heterogeneous. This study examines the impact of SPS measures on the measured export quality and discusses their influence on the environmental protection of the exporting country. International heterogeneous measures do not necessarily promote quality upgrading but greatly increase transaction costs. By contrast, China's agri-product' quality upgrading and environmental pollution are in sharp contrast. Based on a heterogeneous firm-trade model, this study obtains three hypothetical propositions and conducts empirical regressions using the Tobit method. This study finds that heterogeneous SPS measures hinder quality upgrading because firms present a different quality upgrading trend, which in turn impedes the environmental protection of the exporting country; the quality upgrading made by diversified SOEs is higher than that of foreign firms and private firms; the quality upgrading made by general firms is higher than that of processing firms; and protective SPS measures have a stronger negative effect on quality upgrading and environmental protection.

Evaluating the Impact of EU Non-Tariff Measures on Vietnam’s Textile Exports

With the development process and international economic integration, the importance of non-tariff measures (NTMs) was stimulated significantly in international trade. This shift has played a vital role in placing NTMs in the limelight of Vietnam’s exportation, particularly textile exports. The gravity model has been applied in this article to analyze the current regulations related to NTMs and to assess the impact of NTMs from the EU on textile exported products from Vietnam. The research findings have shown that technical barriers (TBTs) to trade are the most common and stringent regulations from the EU towards Vietnam’s textile exportation, while, sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPSs) are not statistically significant. There are other types of NTMs (apart from SPSs and TBTs) that can increase export turnover. Based on these findings, the paper proposes some recommendations to enhance the exportation of textiles for the Vietnamese government and firms in the upcoming period.

Formation of a unified regulatory space of the agricultural sector of Ukraine with the EU internal market: processes and problems

The article is devoted to summarizing achievements and miscalculations in terms of the formation of a unified regulatory space of the domestic agricultural sector and the European internal market since the second half of the 2010s, as well as assessing the possibilities of achieving their full equivalence. It was established that the unified regulatory space is formed by the following components: technical regulation, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, safety of food products and animal feed. The contribution of the components of technical regulation to the formation of a domestic regulatory system equivalent to the basic European system of technical regulation is assessed. It is argued that during the research period, the national fund of standards expanded significantly (more than 25,000 standards), and almost ¾ of them are harmonized with European and world standards. It is noted that the Program of the Development of the Reference Base has not been fully implemented as a result of Russian aggression, and the certification of safety and quality systems, products, processes and services and personnel is carried out only by accredited conformity assessment bodies (CABs). It has been found that the accreditation of domestic CABs is carried out by the National Accreditation Agency of Ukraine, which in terms of accreditation interacts only with the signatories of international agreements on accreditation (EA MLA, ILAC MRA, IAF MLA). Since April 2016, state market surveillance has been carried out by the State Service of Food Safety and Consumer Protection. Special control regimes for manufactured products are based on the active implementation of certified safety and quality systems by producers of organic products and agricultural raw materials for the production of children's, dietary and special food products, as well as advanced management systems for the export of agricultural products to foreign markets. It has been established that Ukraine has ensured compliance with the European requirements of its own sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPM) in the field of agriculture and measures regarding the safety of food products and animal feed. This is evidenced by the following indicators: a total of 380 enterprises export agricultural products, of which 162 enterprises export food products. The fulfillment of the obligations stipulated by the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU has been systematized, which includes fulfilled obligations and intermediate results and totals 55 %. At the same time, the intermediate statuses of «Early» execution and «Advanced» execution are taken into account with weighting factors of 0.3 and 0.7, respectively. This assessment includes the following components: «perfect» performance is 30,4 %; «advanced» - 26.2 %; «early» stage – 21 %; fulfillment of obligations has not started – 20,8 %; the fulfillment of 1,6 % of the obligations has a critical inconsistency with the relevant norms of EU law. It was concluded that the activities related to the harmonization of domestic legal regulation of ensuring the quality and safety of products in agrofood chains to the practice of the European Union need to be intensified in order to complete it, as it will have a positive effect on the successful postwar recovery of the agricultural sector and the country as a whole. Key words: agricultural sector of Ukraine, EU internal market, unified regulatory space, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, food safety

Legal bases of the state agrarian policy of Ukraine regarding sanitary and phytosanitary measures under martial law

The article is devoted to the study of the legal foundations of the state of the agrarian policy of Ukraine regarding sanitaryand phytosanitary measures in the conditions martial law in Ukraine. On the one hand, Ukraine’s membership in the WTO makes it possible agrarian  business to gradually integrate into the world market economy, and with the other - puts forwardthe obligation to the state to implement it in the national one legislation, tools for protecting the interests of the national agrarian producer both in domestic and foreign agricultural markets. To such tools include sanitary and phytosanitary measures.Agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures WTO determines that their main purpose application is improvement of human health, animal health and phytosanitary situation in the territory of all members. State agricultural policy in the field of sanitary and phytosanitary measures is based on the principles of WTO law, which include the principle of sovereignty (principle of independence) and a system of anti-protectionist principles. At the same time, in modern conditions, the peculiarities ofthe use of sanitary and of phytosanitary measures regarding objects of regulation during martial law is based on the principles of extraterritoriality, deregulation and priority security of business entities and specialists of the State Production and Consumer Service.
 The main changes regarding sanitary and phytosanitary measures, which introduced in connection with martial law, tentatively cover three groups measures These are 1) measures aimed at creating favorable conditions for agribusiness for the purpose of uninterrupted production and supply agricultural goods under martial law; 2) targeted measures to create the most safe conditions during the implementation of phytosanitary measures measures and procedures under martial law; 3)measures aimed at implementation of separate phytosanitary procedures in relation to regulated objects, exported under the Safe Transportation Initiative grain and foodstuffs from Ukrainian ports.At the same time, there is a special legal regime in the field of phytosanitary measures calculated for the period of martial law and within 90 days (in separate cases - 6 months, one year) from the date of its termination or cancellation, and c the post-warperiod should be harmonized with the requirements of the WTO and legislation EU. 

Does harmonization reduce the impact of SPS measures on agricultural exports? An assessment from the Chilean fruit sector

Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are relevant to agricultural trade policies, especially since trade negotiations have significantly decreased tariffs. Countries impose Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), a technical NTM, to protect human, animal, and plant health by regulating specific food quality and safety aspects. This article aims to assess the impact of SPS measures imposed by Chile’s main trading partners on agricultural trade, specifically on the value of fruit exports. It also seeks to determine the effects of harmonizing technical regulations between Chile and its partners. We estimated a gravity equation as a negative binomial regression model with Chilean fruit exports to main destination markets from 2010 to 2019 as the dependent variable. Our results confirm a negative impact of foreign SPS measures on Chilean fruit exports. However, that impact is mitigated if Chile has a harmonized SPS measure. Thus, we can conclude that harmonization reduces the negative effects of foreign SPS measures on exports. Our results suggest that trade agreements, which often contain a chapter on SPS, positively contribute to SPS harmonization and mitigate SPS’s negative impacts on trade flows. Highlights: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), aim to protect human, animal, and plant health by regulating specific food quality and safety aspects. The impact of SPS on trade flows has been largely analyzed with heterogeneous results depending, among others, on their characteristics, as the level of harmonization. Harmonization reduced the negative effects of SPS measures on Chilean fruit exports flows. Trade negotiations might positively contribute to SPS harmonization, especially whether agreements have an SPS chapter that encourages coordination.

Exploring the ‘non-tariff measures black box’: Whose regulatory NTMs on which products improve the imported quality?

Regulatory non-tariff measures (NTMs), such as technical barriers to trade (TBTs) and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, have frequently been imposed to regulate the importing market when the market fails to address some issues of concern regarding harmful products. The mechanism through which regulatory NTMs affect the quality of imported products seems like a ‘Black Box’, which is fully opened and analysed in this paper. Our research is built on a monopolistic competition framework, in which firms choose both the quality and the price of their exports subject to the compliance costs of NTMs and a fixed cost of technological change or bureaucratic procedures. The quality of products at the six-digit level of the Harmonised System (HS) traded globally and bilaterally during the period 1996–2017 is then estimated. Using these estimates, the impacts of TBTs and SPS measures on trade values, volume, unit value and quality are estimated. Then, by estimating the importer-specific impact of NTMs on trade indicators for each product, the NTM Black Box is opened and analysed.

Impact of SPS Measures on theImportQuality of China s Agricultural Products

The paper is aimed to examinethe role Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS)measures play inquality upgrading of China’s imported agricultural products.Based on export data to China from UN Comtrade on agricultural products on the HS6-digit level from 156 countries in 2002-2017, this paper employed Proximity-to-the-Frontier Modelto discover the upgrading effect SPS measures haveafter measuring the qualitywith Nested Logit Model. The study foundthatimplementingSPS measures exertsa long-term positive effect on quality upgrading.Particularly,SPS measures tend todiscouragebulk agricultural products close toworld frontierfrom innovation andquality upgrading,exhibiting a more pronounced opposite of the escape-competitioneffect.Therefore, it is recommended thatChinese quarantine and market supervisiondepartments shouldlearn from the inspection processes of developed countries in relation to agricultural products and appropriately refine SPS measures to improve the quality of agricultural importsfor the health and safety of domestic consumers.

Assessing the Impacts of Non-Tariff Measures on the Export of Vietnam’s Main Agricultural and Seafood Products

With the development of free trade agreements, tariff barriers are gradually removed, and non-tariff measures are playing an important role in the trade policies of countries. However, studies on the effects of non-tariff measures on trade show a great disparity in results and both negative and positive influences can be found when non-tariff measures are imposed in different contexts. The heterogeneity in the result is often hypothesized to be the consequence of intrinsic characteristics related to products and countries; therefore, arguably, unbiased and reliable estimation of non-tariff measure effect on trade should be analyzed in product level data for a specific country. Hence, the study attempts to use the gravity model and Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood estimation (PPML) to quantify the effects of non-tariff measures on the export of some agricultural and seafood products of Vietnam to certain main markets including the United States (US), European Union (EU), China, and Japan. The research findings show that from a national perspective, non-tariff measures mostly have a negative impact on agricultural exports, especially sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPM), and countervailing measures (CM). In terms of commodities, coffee and seafood are particularly sensitive to non-tariff measures, while other key agricultural product groups are mostly affected by tariff measures.

Packaging Framework System Under International Trade Rules

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to expound the packaging framework system(PFS) under international trade rules. Design/methodology/approach - This study analyzed packaging framework system and packaging regulations and technical standards in international regulations and major countries and classified these in some standards Findings - First, the study provides packaging provisions associated with packaging regulations and technical standards (PRTS). Then, the basis of PFS in international trade rules was proposed; it is believed that the PFS was composed of packaging legal system in WTO institutional framework (WTO-PLS), international organization packaging standard system (IO-PSS) and major countries or regions packaging regulatory system (MCR-PRS). Secondly, this paper expounded relations and legal characteristics of the three packaging systems. Finally, This study investigated PRTS coverage under technical barriers to trade (TBT) and Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS). Research implications or Originality The regulations associated with PRTS have played a key role in challenges to merchandise trade in international trade. This study has significance in classifying packaging related reticulations into several criteria unlike previous studies. Therefore it is hope that this study can provide a supplementary document for the existing research of PRTS.

Standards and regulatory cooperation in regional trade agreements: What the effects on trade?

AbstractThe agenda of trade negotiation in the agri‐food sector is characterized by an exponential increase of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). Their joint effect on trade is puzzling and still an open empirical question. Once assessed the trade effect of standards provided in SPS measures, the study evaluates how regulatory cooperation and commitments beyond World Trade Organization requirements affect trade between signatories of RTAs. Trade between signatories seems obstructed by non‐discriminatory (multilateral) SPS measures. However, SPS‐specific commitments negotiated in joint SPS committees within RTAs tend to create conditions to meet standards, contributing to boost trade.

On the trade effects of bilateral SPS measures in developed and developing countries

AbstractThe agri‐food trade has expanded considerably over decades, with a remarkable increase in the market share of developing countries. The upward trend in trade flows has been parallel to the proliferation of non‐tariff measures, particularly of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures in the agri‐food sector. SPS measures may have a dual impact on trade, that is. standards as catalysts versus standards as barriers, and the net effect is likely to depend on the level of economic development of countries involved. We investigate whether the trade effects of SPS measures are correlated with the economic development of trading partners. In particular, we disentangle the trade effects of SPS measures implemented by developed and developing countries and look at differential impacts due to a mismatch in the economic development of trading partners. Using a structural gravity approach on bilateral trade and regulation data, we conclude that SPS measures are catalysts for developing importers, whereas no evidence is found for developed importers. We also find a pro‐trade effect of SPS measures when traders have different levels of economic development. Our findings have important policy implications: sharing SPS measures is strategic for economies characterised by different abilities to alter trade terms.

The Roadmap to the ASEAN-EU FTA: Reimagining SPS Cooperation in the Regionto-Region Context

While the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the European Union (EU) relaunched negotiations on ASEAN-EU FTA in 2017, few signs have indicated significant progress in trade talks and EU has been prompted to pursue, in parallel, bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) with individual ASEANMembers States as building blocks for the region-to-region megaproject. The underlying divergence in economic, political, historical, and social dimensions between ASEAN and EU has continued to condition bi-regional negotiations, and issues of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) are of particular importance given the large inter-regional agri-food trade and inherent tensions embedded in SPS measures that are adopted to strike a balance between trade liberalization and public health. Whether and how the two blocs can reconcile different interests and policy agendas in shaping SPS cooperation under the prospective FTA merits in-depth examination. This article analyses the trajectory and dynamics in ASEAN-EU SPS cooperation. It assesses the SPS Chapters of the EUSingapore and EU-Vietnam FTAs, drawing on their relevance to and implications for region-to-region development. Lastly, this article highlights various bottom-up SPS cooperation initiatives between the two—due to EU’s technical assistance, and more critically, ambition to export its normative paradigms globally—emphasizing their role as catalyst for deeper region-to-region SPS cooperation. ASEAN-EU FTA, EU-Singapore FTA, EU-Vietnam FTA, SPS Agreement, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, New Asian Regionalism

La producción y su optimice la línea producción de agua

El presente proyecto se desarrolla debido a su importancia teórico práctico para la empresa Envasadora de agua LiquiAgua por ser una herramienta que permitirá controlar los costos del proceso productivo y por ende conocer la rentabilidad de la empresa. En la medida en que la competitividad es cada vez mayor, la posibilidad de obtener más utilidades con aumentos de precios es cada vez más difícil, por esto la disminución de los costos se ha convertido en la forma más clara para generar mayores utilidades; por esto se dice que los costos son una buena fuente de ingreso y claro está sin que esta disminución de costos lleve a una disminución de la calidad del producto o servicio. Se tomará en cuenta todas las etapas de la producción desde la obtención de la materia prima hasta llegar al consumir final, para lograr un producto inocuo existen ciertos reglamentos que han sido adoptados en varios países para elaboración de productos. El MSF (Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias), OMC (Organización Mundial del comercio), y las normas del Codex Alimentarius confirman las medidas que se debe tomar para elaborar productos inocuos y poder comercializarlos.

The financial burden of African Horse Sickness: a case of the European Union trade ban on South Africa’s horse industry

ABSTRACT Globalisation and the increased movement of goods such as live animals and animal products across national borders can exacerbate the introduction and spread of diseases. This risk can be mitigated through adherence to trade control measures such as the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, compliance with SPS measures usually results in additional production and trade costs. This paper applied cost–benefit analysis, using stochastic scenario analysis, to estimate the financial burden of SPS measures on exporting horses from South Africa to the European Union (EU). These measures were instituted following a ban on the direct export of horses from South Africa to the EU, triggered by outbreaks of African Horse Sickness (AHS) in the AHS Controlled Area in the Western Cape Province. Analysis revealed that compliance to existing SPS measures by exporting a horse via a third country is 1.67 times more costly than exporting directly to the EU. A strengthened public-private sector partnership is recommended to jointly identify the most efficient and effective ways to develop capacity for collaborative judicious investment in order to build a resilient horse industry thereby enabling employment creation and economic growth.

Streamlining Non-tariff Measures for Agri-food Trade in ASEAN

Streamlining non-tariff measures (NTMs) plays an important role in improving market access for trade in goods among ASEAN-10 countries. An assessment of the impact of NTMs in ASEAN reveals that the agri-food trade has been constrained by contingent trade protective measures, quantity-control measures, technical barriers to trade (TBT), and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. The proliferation of SPS and TBT measures, coupled with their severe effects, suggests the need to accelerate NTM reforms in ASEAN.

Non-Tariff Measures and the Quality of Imported Products

AbstractLegitimate reasons for the imposition of non-tariff measures (NTMs) within regulations have triggered their extensive use. Among these measures, technical barriers to trade (TBTs) and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures allow countries to impose restrictions on the import of low-quality products suspected of harming domestic consumers’ health, plant life, or the environment. This paper analyses two regulative and standard-like NTMs – TBTs and SPS measures – and the quality of traded products that is driven by their imposition, which is a general underlying motive for the adoption of such regulations. A dummy variable measuring the existence of these NTMs and a count variable indicating their stringency are used in the analysis. Moreover, two other variables indicate flows of NTMs imposed in each year and stocks of these NTMs accumulated over years. The results indicate that TBTs and SPS measures do indeed imply a higher quality of traded products. Stringent TBTs with more regulations imposed in each year (i.e. flows of count TBTs) have the largest impact on the quality of traded products. However, for SPS measures, only the existence of a regulation (i.e. the dummy variable on flows of SPS measures) on a traded product has the strongest impact on its quality.

Protective Measures in Integration Agreements and Their Impact on Mutual Trade and Trade with Third Countries: Specifics of Russia and the EAEU Countries

This research provides review of impose trade remedies (antidumping, countervailing measures, safeguard measures) and conduct relative investigation as well as sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) against certain trade partner by different countries in 1995–2015. This research considers theoretical aspects, empirical studies of introduction of trade measures in integration blocks like NAFTA, MERCOSUR, ASEAN, Pacific Alliance, EAEU, TTP (countries-signers) and RCEP (negotiated parties) against members and third countries. Furthermore, trade measures imposed by Russia and imposed against Russia are considered. The paper was prepared as part of the research work of the state assignment of the RANEPA

IMPLEMENTATION REGIONALIZATION PRINCIPLE BASED ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY (SPS) AGREEMENT ACCORDING TO VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES (VCLT) OF 1969

<em>The practice of the regionalization principle in Article 6 Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement is still conflicted. This is because of several cases regarding the members misinterpretation of international guidelines in the regionalization principle, such as India – Agricultural Products and Russia – Pigs (EU). Recently, Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (Covid-19) has been considered to affect animal trade. Such conditions prompt the World Trade Organization (WTO)  to recommend the Members to take SPS Measures to protect their domestic market. However, the trade would be inhibited in case the country-wide ban approach is applied. Therefore, this paper discusses the possible SPS measures under the regionalization principle to promote the trade during the pandemic according to WTO decisions from previous cases in line with the VCLT of 1969. The research result shows that the Covid-19 is an obstacle to international trade and makes humans and animals vulnerable to this virus. Consequently, many animal trades have been banned to prevent its spread. To deal with this condition, Indonesia could apply the regionalization principle in Article 6 SPS Agreement. Moreover, the government should update the quarantine law by pointing out the regionalization principle, unlike the zone system rules only applied to animals susceptible to Food Mouth Disease</em>

PREVENTING RETALIATION IN TRADE BY HARMONIZING THE MEASURES

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Agreement as a globally-accepted legal document within the World Trade Organization (WTO) is very important in ensuring food traded across the boundaries is safe for consumers and also protecting animal and plant from diseases and pests. Therefore, SPS Agreement's role within the international trade is very crucial. This paper evaluates "Indonesia-China candy case" that closely related to the implementation of the SPS Agreement. It is concluded that Indonesia as a member of WTO has declared and proven that Indonesia national regulations on food safety comply with international standard. On the other hand, China should show its compliance with international standard, or in case it has other standard that considered better than international standard China obliges to proof it's scientifically better and accepted. This paper argues that harmonization as a core principle found in the SPS Agreement should be considered by all states in enacting their national regulation on food safety.