Acidification of composting can reduce gas emissions and enhance nutrient availability

ABSTRACT Soil structure maintenance, nutrient cycle, and carbon transformations are the important processes that play a significant role in maintaining soil health, fertility, and its productivity. These processes mainly depend on soil biota and their functionality, and bio/geochemical activities. To a larger extent, the soil microbial community, especially the soil microbiome, plays a crucial role in plant growth via enhancing nutrient availability and improving soil properties. Biochar, a carbon‐rich source fabricated by the pyrolysis process, showed a better alternative for sustainable agricultural development. On the other hand, nanotechnology (plant essential elements‐based nanoparticles; i.e., ZnO and CuO) has proven to be effective in soil health improvement as well as improved crop production. Thus, the integrated use of biochar (agro‐waste), plant essential nanoparticles, and metal‐tolerant microbes (heavy metals tolerant that alleviate toxicity and enhance plant growth) is employed to manage soil stresses via improving soil characteristics to improve crop production. Biochar contains a porous structure that provides a favorable habitat for microbial colonization. Biochar‐nanobiochar, nanoparticles, and heavy metal‐tolerant microbes collectively restore soil health, manage plant growth, recycle agricultural/urban food wastes, and reduce gas emissions.

Abstract This article presents the results of a review of over 70 jurisdictions worldwide, conducted to determine whether competition authorities have decided to adopt specific guidelines for assessing the so-called sustainability agreements. While the emergence of such guidelines in several jurisdictions suggests elements of convergence, the research also reveals continued fragmentation across regions in both substance and enforcement. These agreements aim to facilitate collaboration among entrepreneurs focused on achieving environmental goals, such as reducing gas emissions, improving air and water quality, eliminating plastics, and more. Normally, under national (or EU) competition law, such collaboration between competitors could be questioned and considered prohibited. The article aims to summarize the current quasi-legislative activities of national competition authorities regarding their approach to sustainability agreements and then, based on the research findings, to answer whether the achievements of individual authorities provide a basis for asserting that a common global approach to sustainability agreements from the perspective of competition law has been launched.

Utilizing white mushroom stem powder as a sustainable substitute for soybean meal in layer chick diets.

This study presents a holistic framework for adaptive thermal energy storage (A-TES) in solar-assisted systems. This framework aims to support a reliable industrial energy supply, particularly during periods of limited sunlight, while also facilitating industrial decarbonization. In previous studies, the focus was not on addressing the framework of the entire problem, but rather on specific parts of it. Therefore, the innovation in this study lies in bringing these aspects together within a unified framework through a data-driven approach that combines the analysis of efficiency, technology, environmental impact, sectoral applications, operational challenges, and policy into a comprehensive system. Sensible thermal energy storage with an adaptive approach can be utilized in numerous industries, particularly concentrated solar power plants, to optimize power dispatch, enhance energy efficiency, and reduce gas emissions. Simulation results indicate that stable regulations and flexible incentives have led to a 60% increase in solar installations, highlighting their significance in investment expansion within the renewable energy sector. Integrated measures among sectors have increased energy availability by 50% in rural regions, illustrating the need for partnerships in renewable energy projects. The full implementation of novel advanced energy management systems (AEMSs) in industrial heat processes has resulted in a 20% decrease in energy consumption and a 15% improvement in efficiency. Making the switch to open-source software has reduced software expenditure by 50% and increased productivity by 20%, demonstrating the strategic advantages of open-source solutions. The findings provide a foundation for future research by offering a framework to analyze a specific real-world industrial case.

There is an urgent need for a legal policy of green investment law to reduce gas emissions in Indonesia based on the perspective of the green constitution and Fiqh Bi'ah in the contemporary era. This urgency is parallel to the development of the global response to sustainable economic transformation to achieve net zero emissions by 2060. However, the green investment policy design has to hold a strategic position in Indonesia's positive law because it always remains partial. In other words, such a policy requires comprehensive examination based on the Green Constitution and Fiqh Bi'ah in constructing future national, legal, and political designs relevant to the net zero emission paradigm. This study employs a normative legal research method with philosophical, conceptual, historical, comparative, and statutory approaches. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources were analysed using a qualitative juridical method. The findings indicate that the 1945 Constitution has constitutionally accommodated the principles of the Green Constitution, which align with Fiqh Bi’ah regarding sustainable environmental management as mandated by the Quran. This legal construction can be a strategic foundation for green investment policies based on net zero emissions to address climate change. The alignment between the Green Constitution and Fiqh Bi’ah strengthens green investment policies as a concrete step toward preserving the earth for the sustainability of future generations. Thus, integrating these two perspectives becomes a primary element in building a sustainable civilisation oriented towards environmental preservation.

ObjectivesThis study evaluated the potential of brown mushroom stem (BMS) powder as a sustainable feed ingredient in poultry diets by assessing its effects on growth performance, health status, and environmental impact. Specifically, the research investigated whether the partial replacement of soybean meal with BMS powder could maintain productive performance while improving physiological responses and, gas emission in Lohmann LSL Lite chicks.MethodsThe study involved 160 3-week-old Lohmann LSL Lite chicks. After a 4-day adaptation period on the control diet, the chicks were assigned to four dietary groups: 0% (control), 2%, 4%, and 6% BMS of replacing soybean meal. BMS was sourced from a local commercial mushroom producer. The stems were cleaned, washed, and freeze-dried to reduce their moisture content to below 5% by weight, ensuring extended shelf life. The freeze-dried BMS were then finely ground into powder for inclusion in the chicken feed. Each group consisted of five replicates, and each replicate had eight chicks. Feed intake (FI) and growth performance were recorded weekly over a 5-week duration in a cage system. Gas emissions from excreta were measured using a sensor-based system. At the end of the study, randomly selected birds were slaughtered for blood and organ collection for further analysis. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA in SAS 9.4 software. Polynomial contrasts were used to analyze the linear and quadratic effects of increasing levels of BMS powder.ResultsThe results showed no significant (P < 0.05) differences in final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among groups. Internal organ weight also showed no significant (P < 0.05) difference among groups, indicating the safety of BMS powder incorporation in chick diets. Blood biochemical parameters, including total protein, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), uric acid, and cholesterol, exhibited both linear (P < 0.05) and quadratic (P < 0.05) effects with varying levels of BMS powder. Interestingly, gas emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4), measured on days 31 and 32 of the experiment, exhibited significant quadratic responses (P < 0.05) to increasing levels of BMS powder in the diet. While these effects were modest and limited to a short observation window, they suggest a potential short-term environmental benefit that warrants further investigation. These results indicate that BMS powder inclusion may positively influence certain biochemical markers and reduce the environmental footprint of poultry production.ConclusionBMS powder could be a potential and sustainable replacement for soybean meal in poultry diets. It maintained consistent growth performance and organ weight, reduced gas emissions, and positively influenced blood biochemical markers, emphasizing its potential benefits. Future research should validate these findings in commercial settings and explore their long-term applications for broader adoption in eco-friendly production systems.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy use are important parameters in the development of sustainable livestock systems. On-farm management practices can maximise energy efficiency and reduce gas emissions, however, these practices have yet to be identified and characterized. This study evaluated the eco-efficiency of cattle farming, considering a combination of the energy balance and GHG emissions from 33 farms in the Brazilian Amazon (Paragominas - Pará), using a diagnostic tool adapted to the region. The farms represented the diverse production systems operating in the area, distinguished by their activity (dairy, breeder, breeder-fattener and fattener), degree of intensification, and agrarian situation (corresponding to the farm’s geographical location and social and economic inclusion in the municipality). Energy efficiency on beef cattle farms is on average 16.29 GJ/t live weight (min = 1.74 GJ/t, max = 43.01 GJ/t), and on dairy farms 2.74 GJ/1000 L (min = 0.17, max = 6.48), i.e., respectively 46% and 40% lower than the figures reported by studies conducted in metropolitan France. Improved grazing enhances natural resources by optimising the use of forage biomass, which has a positive impact on energy efficiencies. The purchase of young animals and fertilisation account for a high percentage of energy consumption, with fuel constituting the major part of the direct energy consumed. GHG emissions are on average 17.40 teqCO2/t live weight (min = 6.13, max = 40.85), similar to those of metropolitan France (14 teqCO2/t). When emissions from livestock and storage by forests and pastures over 20 years of age are taken into account, farms have a positive carbon balance. The deforestation levels of each farm over the past 20 years have a strong impact on this balance sheet, which can make it negative. This study highlights the effectiveness of the method in identifying systems and practices that could help farms achieve greater sustainability in terms of energy use and GHG emissions.

This meta-analysis investigated the impact of protease supplementation on growth performance and gas emissions in broiler diets. A total of 145 individual trials, comprising 852 data points, were included. The results revealed a significant decrease in the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and improvements in body weight gain (BWG) and body weight (BW) due to protease supplementation. The effect sizes were -0.374 (SE=0.029; P&lt;0.001) for FCR, 0.440 (SE=0.031; P&lt;0.001) for BWG, and 0.370 (SE=0.056; P&lt;0.001) for BW. Subgroup analysis revealed greater effectiveness in diets containing up to 21% crude protein and diverse ingredient compositions. However, no significant reduction in ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), or methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) emissions was observed. This study revealed that protease supplementation improved broiler growth performance but had a limited impact on gas emissions. Future studies should explore integrating protease supplementation with other synergistic interventions that could have a greater impact on reducing gas emissions.

This study investigates hazardous emissions from foundry binder systems, comparing organic resins (phenolic urethane, furan, and alkaline-phenolic) and clay-bonded green sand with inorganic alternatives (sodium silicate and geopolymer). The research was conducted at the Fundaciόn Azterlan pilot plant (Spain), involving controlled chamber tests for the production of 60 kg iron alloy castings in 110 kg sand molds. The molds were evaluated under two configurations: homogeneous systems, where both mold and cores were manufactured using the same binder (five trials), and heterogeneous systems, where different binders were used for mold and cores (four trials). Each mold was placed in a metallic box fitted with a lid and an integrated gas extraction duct. The lid remained open during pouring and was closed immediately afterward to enable efficient evacuation of casting gases through the extraction system. Although the box was not completely airtight, it was designed to direct most exhaust gases through the duct. Along the extraction system line, different sampling instruments were strategically located for the precise measurement of contaminants: volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenol, multiple forms of particulate matter (including crystalline silica content), and gases produced during pyrolysis. Across the nine trials, inorganic binders demonstrated significant reductions in gas emissions and priority pollutants, achieving decreases of over 90% in BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) and over 94% in PAHs compared to organic systems. Gas emissions were also substantially reduced, with CO emissions lowered by over 30%, NOx by more than 98%, and SO2 by over 75%. Conducted under the Greencasting LIFE project (LIFE 21 ENV/FI/101074439), this work provides empirical evidence supporting sodium silicate and geopolymer binders as viable, sustainable solutions for minimizing occupational and ecological risks in metal casting processes.

Abstract Since the poultry industry strives to adopt more sustainable and cost-efficient feeding practices, searching for alternatives to conventional soybean meal has become a priority. White mushroom stems (WMS), a nutrient-dense byproduct of mushroom production, have a significant potential as a replacement. Packed with essential nutrients, bioactive compounds, and fibers, WMS can transform agricultural waste into a valuable feed ingredient. Incorporating WMS into poultry diets not only promotes resource sustainability but also supports environmentally responsible farming without compromising bird health or performance. This study assessed the impact of adding WMS powder into chicken diets, focusing on its effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and overall health, to determine its viability as a sustainable feed ingredient. A total of 160 three-week-old Lohmann LSL Lite pullets were used in this study to evaluate WMS powder as a replacement for soybean meal in the diets. After a four-day adaptation on a control diet, chicks were allocated to four dietary groups: 0% (control), 2%, 4%, and 6% WMS inclusion. WMS, sourced from a local producer, were cleaned and washed, freeze-dried to below 5% moisture, and ground into powder for feed incorporation. Each group included five replicates of eight chicks. Feed intake and growth performance were recorded weekly over a five-week period in a cage system. Gas emissions from excreta were measured using a sensor-based system. Randomly selected birds were slaughtered at the end of the study for blood, organ, cecal content, mucosa, and tissue collection. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in SAS 9.4 software, with polynomial contrasts to evaluate linear and quadratic effects. Significant differences were determined at P&amp;lt; 0.05. The present results demonstrated that WMS inclusion in chick diets showed no significant (P &amp;gt; 0.05) impact on growth performance parameters such as body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and FCR. There were no significant (P &amp;gt; 0.05) differences in internal organ weights and blood biochemical markers between control and treatment groups, indicating that WMS is safe for adding to chicks’ diets. However, gas emissions, including CO₂, NH₃, and NH₄, exhibited both linear (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and quadratic (P&amp;lt; 0.05) changes with increasing levels of WMS, suggesting potential benefits for reducing the environmental footprint of chicken production. This study results show the potential use of WMS powder as an eco-friendly and sustainable substitute for soybean meal in poultry diets. Based on the results, it can be speculated that WMS can be added without compromising bird performance, productivity, and health while offering environmental benefits by reducing gas emissions. Therefore, these outcomes highlight WMS as a promising feed ingredient that aligns with sustainable poultry production practices. Future research should focus on scaling these findings to commercial settings and exploring long-term effects on production systems.

Abstract The poultry industry is continuously searching innovative and sustainable feed alternatives to reduce dependence on conventional ingredients like soybean meal, which has significant environmental and economic concerns. Brown mushroom stems (BMS), an agricultural byproduct, hold promise as a potential environment-friendly and cost-effective feed ingredient. Rich in bioactive compounds, fibers, and essential nutrients, BMS powder could serve as a sustainable replacement for soybean meal, contributing to waste valorization and improving poultry production systems. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating BMS powder in chicken diets while maintaining optimal growth performance and health status. The experiment involved 160 three-week-old Lohmann LSL Lite chicks. After a four-day adaptation period on the control diet, the chicks were assigned to four dietary groups: 0% (control), 2%, 4%, and 6% BMS replacing soybean meal. BMS were sourced from a local commercial mushroom producer. The stems were cleaned, washed, and freeze-dried to reduce their moisture content to below 5% by weight, ensuring extended shelf life. The freeze-dried BMS were then finely ground into powder for incorporation into the chicken feed. Each group consisted of five replicates, and each replicate had eight chicks. Feed intake and growth performance were recorded weekly over a five-week trial in a cage system. Gas emissions from excreta were measured using a sensor-based system. At the end of the experiment, randomly selected birds were slaughtered for blood, organ, cecal content, mucosa, and tissue collection for further analysis. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA in SAS 9.4 software. Polynomial contrasts were used to analyze the linear and quadratic effects of increasing levels of BMS. The results revealed no significant (P&amp;lt; 0.05) differences among the groups in terms of final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Internal organ weight also showed no significant (P&amp;lt; 0.05) difference among groups, indicating the safety of BMS incorporation in chick diets. Interestingly, gas emissions, including CO₂, NH₃, and NH₄, demonstrated quadratic (P&amp;lt; 0.05) changes with increasing BMS levels, suggesting potential environmental benefits. Blood biochemical parameters, including total protein, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), uric acid, and cholesterol, exhibited both linear (P&amp;lt; 0.05) and quadratic (P&amp;lt; 0.05) effects with varying levels of BMS. These results indicate that BMS inclusion may positively influence certain biochemical markers and reduce the environmental footprint of poultry production. In conclusion, BMS powder could be a potential and sustainable replacement for soybean meal in poultry diets. It maintained consistent growth performance and organ weight, reduced gas emissions, and positively influenced blood biochemical markers, highlighting its environmental and health benefits. Future research should validate these findings in commercial settings and explore long-term applications for broader adoption in eco-friendly production systems.

The global issue of greenhouse gas emissions has significant implications for the environment and human health. Telemedicine provides a valuable tool for delivering health care while reducing gas emissions by limiting the need for patient travel. However, the environmental effects of telemedicine in high-risk pregnancy populations remain unassessed. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic and environmental impact of an outpatient teleMFM program.This retrospective cohort study examined all visits at three teleMFM clinics more than 90 miles away from the nearest in-person MFM office between October 1, 2021, and May 1, 2022. Travel distances and times were calculated for each appointment between the patient's home, telemedicine clinic, and nearest in-person clinics, using zip code data and Google Maps web-based map calculator tools. Travel cost savings and environmental impact were calculated by determining differences in mileage reimbursement rate and emissions between those incurred in attending telemedicine appointments and those that would have been incurred if in-person using inflation-adjusted Internal Revenue Service annual standard mileage reimbursement rate ($0.58 per mile), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality's average annual emissions and fuel consumption for gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles.During the study period, a total number of 2,712 appointments were scheduled, of which 2,454 were kept (cancellations removed) and analyzed. Visiting a teleMFM clinic resulted in 204 miles, 200 minutes, and $118.32 saved per patient visit compared with visiting the nearest in-person clinic. Over a 7-month period, a total of 96.6 metric tons of emissions were saved.This study demonstrates the positive economic and environmental impact of teleMFM utilization in communities remote from in-person care. Given the contribution of greenhouse gas emissions to climate change, such findings may provide strategies for our specialty to make informed policy, advocacy, and business decisions. · Telemedicine is a growing and accessible healthcare option; however, current research on this topic primarily focuses on clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction, overlooking the its environmental impacts.. · Visiting a teleMFM clinic resulted in 204 miles, 200 minutes and 118.32 dollars saved per patient during their pregnancy compared to visiting the nearest in-person clinic. Over the study period a total of 94.6 metric tons of emissions were saved.. · We demonstrate that the widespread deployment of teleMFM programs can not only address the current MFM supply-demand mismatch, but also save families valuable windshield time (travel time and cost) while having a positive impact on the environment..

The restrictions imposed by the European Green Deal on Europe are expected to make Europe climate-neutral by 2050. In this context, this article examines the current efforts to reduce emission levels, focusing on available international scientific papers concerning European territory, particularly Poland. The study paid special attention to the sector of agriculture, which is considered a key contributor to greenhouse gas generation. It also analysed the impact of various tillage techniques and the application of organic and inorganic fertilisers, e.g., nitrogen fertilisers, digestate, or compost, on the emissions of greenhouse gases and other environmentally harmful substances. Although there are few scientific articles available that comprehensively describe the problem of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, it is still possible to observe the growing awareness of farmers and their daily impact on the environment. The current study demonstrated that agricultural activities significantly contribute to the emissions of three main greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane. The tillage and soil fertilisation methods used play a crucial role in their emissions into the atmosphere. The use of no-tillage (or reduced-tillage) techniques contributes to the sustainable development of agriculture while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The machinery and fuels used, along with innovative systems and sensors for precise fertilisation, play a significant role in lowering emission levels in agriculture. The authors intend to identify potential opportunities to improve crop productivity and contribute to sustainable reductions in gas emissions.

This research aims to analyze the techno-economic viability of an off-grid hybrid power system for rural areas in Nigeria, specifically in the Uzere community of Delta State, where access to reliable and sustainable power supply from the national grid remains a significant challenge. This study employed both survey and simulation modeling methodologies using HOMER Pro software application. The existing 500kW Independent thermal station was evaluated alongside solar and power storage sources. The results revealed that relying solely on thermal generation, without incorporating alternative energy sources, resulted in a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of ₦63.65/kWh and a Net Present Cost (NPC) of ₦54.9 billion. This outcome was primarily attributed to the low-priced gas incentives offered by oil and gas-producing companies and operators. The optimized hybrid system yielded an LCOE of ₦120.48/kWh and NPC of ₦30.9 billion, reducing gas emissions by 30%. The national grid tariff of ₦225.00/kWh was significantly higher. The study recommends collaborative policy frameworks, adequate funding, and gas incentives between government agencies and oil-producing companies to promote off-grid hybrid power systems in rural communities, ensuring uninterrupted and sustainable power supply for social and economic growth.

A tremendous quantity of pistachio waste is produced worldwide annually, offering both environmental challenges and opportunities. This agricultural by-product can be repurposed in various forms, including sieved pistachio shells, pistachio-derived biochar, or in combination with other materials for diverse environmental applications. Notably, pistachio waste can be converted into materials with a high surface area and porous structure, primarily used as adsorbents for removing various pollutants such as dyes, pharmaceutical agents, heavy metals, and greenhouse gases. The adsorption process involves utilizing pistachio waste in different forms such as powder, biochar, or activated carbon, and in conjunction with nanomaterials like TiO2 nanoparticles. Research indicates that pistachio waste enhances compost quality by reducing the C/N ratio, improving plant germination, and enhancing phosphorus accessibility for plants in arid regions. Moreover, studies evaluating the partial substitution of animal feed with pistachio waste show promising results in terms of digestibility, immune response enhancement, and growth rate in animals. With its high potassium and calcium content, the conversion of pistachio waste into high surface area materials serves as a catalyst for photocatalytic pollutant degradation and as a promoter for catalytic efficiency in various processes. Furthermore, the pyrolysis products of pistachio waste exhibit significant potential for biodiesel production, with studies showcasing its viability as a sustainable fuel source through parameters like a higher heating value, low activation energy, and reduced gas emissions. This review comprehensively discusses recent advancements in utilizing pistachio waste for environmental applications, emphasizing its versatility and promising benefits in waste management and resource utilization.

Abstract Motorcycles powered by internal combustion engines (ICE) produce exhaust emissions that are harmful to the environment and health. One potential to reduce or overcome this problem is the use of HHO Fuel Cell on internal combustion engines. This study uses a Yamaha Soul GT motorcycle in 2012 which aims to explain the effect of using HHO gas on fuel consumption carried out using 2 types of application of motorcycle speed, at 20 and 40 Km / h, gas emission test results, and engine performance. These three things were investigated through the reduction of fuel spray with ECU settings. This research was conducted through 2 types of experimental configurations, consisting of the use of only gasoline with a reduction in fuel spray by 0%, -10%, -15%, and a motorcycle configuration using gasoline with Oxyhydrogen (HHO) gas admixing with a reduction in fuel spray by 0%, -10%, -15%. From this study, it was found that the composition of the addition of HHO gas to the engine combustion chamber at a reduction in fuel spraying of - 10% was the best configuration in reducing fuel consumption by 19.4% at 20 km/h and 20% at 40 km/h. In fact, this composition was also the best composition to produce the lowest emission test results with a CO gas ratio of 1.82 l/vol., and the highest performance with a power generated of 9 HP. The results of this study prove that the application of HHO gas admixing on motorcycles in Indonesia can increase fuel consumption savings, reduce gas emissions and increase engine performance.

This research delves into exploring alternatives which have comparative economic advantage to un-automated gas-assist flare systems, whilst eliminating or mitigating the adverse consequence of the use of high-pressure gas for enhancing smokeless flaring and to optimize flare systems. According to the Ringelmann theory, unabated smoky flares based on stipulated timeliness should be recorded as flare incidents. It is this undesirability of Oil/Gas facilities to generate smoky flares that has endeared them to providing the most available flare assist systems in their facility. A gas processing facility in Sub-Sahara Africa was considered and the data obtained shows that the facility supports its flare towards smokeless flaring with useful hydrocarbon gas of about 10,120 tons per year. This accounts for about 10% of the total amount of gas flared for this region. This amount of gas can produce over 2000 Megawatt-hour electricity. With an average power consumption of 1000kwh per household, this can sufficiently power about 2000 households which is about what the Ugbomro community in Uvwie Local Government of Delta State-Nigeria holds. Considering the current era where Oil/Gas organizations are aligning to the global energy transition journey, it has become increasingly necessary to cut down on gas emission. Introducing the option of debottlenecking the gas assist flare with air assist flare would not only stop the facility from flaring an additional 10,120 tons of gas yearly, and make this gas useful for power generation, it will also reduce the carbon footprint of this site by about 10%. While achieving these, it will still be very adaptable to solve the problem of smoky flares with a more improved technical efficiency. The estimated total fixed cost of debottlenecking the existing gas assist flare to air assist flare is about 800,000 USD and an estimated 400,000 USD for operational cost. By this debottlenecking, using the Henry Hub Model for gas pricing, this facility will make cost saving of about 1,380,800 USD per year and this value will increase YoY as the facility expands in gas processing towards their nameplate capacity. This indicates a payback period of 1-2 years. Coupled with a reduced gas emission leading to an enhanced Net Zero Emission journey, every Oil/Gas business running the gas assist flare should do this retrofitting and endeavor to unlock this value.

PurposeWe highlight the role of digital technologies in managing and controlling the environmental sustainability of mega-sport events and propose an environmental management control and audit system (EMCAS) that can fight greenwashing while motivating sports organizers to improve environmental performance. A number of applications for improving mega-sport environmental sustainability performance are proposed.Design/methodology/approachWe present an architecture for an EMCAS that can fight greenwashing while motivating sports organizers to improve environmental performance. We present multiple scenarios to demonstrate how EMCAS can support environmental sustainability.FindingsThe use of blockchain, IoT and AI provides unprecedented opportunities to help sports organizations combine sustainability principles and orchestrate strategies for fostering sustainable mega-sport events that regulate pollution-intensive practices and promote environmentally sustainable practices through the efficient use of resources, reduction in carbon emission and waste production.Originality/valueIn this research, we explore various applications that collect and analyze environmental data to support real-time decision-making to improve sustainability performance. The applications focus on the conservation of energy resources, waste reduction, recycling of material and reduction of gas emissions. The proposed system will change the operational functioning of mega-sport events to improve their impact on the environment.

Acidic additives have garnered significant attention due to their ability to reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions, enhance nitrogen retention, and balance function with cost-effectiveness. This study aimed to investigate the potential of oxalic acid (OA) in reducing gas emissions, promoting compost humification, and enhancing nutrient retention during the co-composting of chicken manure. Moreover, the comparative analysis of the effects and the economic benefits was conducted among OA groups with varying concentrations (OA1: 0.03 mol·kg−1, OA2: 0.10 mol·kg−1, and OA3: 0.15 mol·kg−1) and a sulfuric acid (SA) group (SA1: 0.03 mol·kg−1). The results indicated that the addition of OA can extend the thermophilic phase to some extent and achieve the required composting maturity. As the amount of OA increased, the NH3 emissions (p &lt; 0.05) and the total nitrogen loss rate was decreased; however, this also increased the cost. No significant difference in the total nitrogen loss rate was observed between SA1 and OA1 (p &lt; 0.05). It is worth noting that the addition of SA increased the SO42− content, leading to an increase of 113.52% in H2S emissions. In contrast, the addition of OA resulted in a reduction in H2S emissions by 29.92–45.90%. In terms of economic analysis, OA1 was the most effective (OA1 &gt; OA2 &gt; OA3 &gt; SA1). Thereby, OA was proved to be a good alternative for SA in the co-composting of chicken manure, and 0.03 mol·kg−1 OA is recommended.