ABSTRACT This study aimed to reveal the growth trend of school climate research, institutional and geographical contributions, the most impactful institutions, journals, and countries, the co‐authorship network of countries, the most impactful articles, the intellectual structure of the knowledge base, research fronts, and thematic evolution. This study, based on 2915 publications from the Web of Science spanning approximately 60 years, integrates bibliometric and content analysis to provide a comprehensive analysis of school climate. According to the findings, school climate research tends to grow in general, but the volume of research has grown significantly in the last decade. The school climate literature has evolved into a multidisciplinary field and continues to expand across disciplines. The USA dominates the co‐authorship collaboration network and contributes more than half of the school climate studies. The intellectual structure of school climate research is composed of four clusters, while the research fronts are categorized into six clusters. The intellectual structure of school climate focuses on academic achievement, student behavior, bullying, school engagement, social‐emotional learning, and teacher well‐being. However, over time, technological, social, and political influences have transformed the knowledge base, leading to the emergence of themes such as cyberbullying, sexual identity, racial discrimination, and inequality in school climate research.

Racial discrimination represents a pervasive source of stress that is associated with internalizing symptoms such as anxiety and depression among Black youth. Emergent research suggests that the link between racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms may be influenced by individual and family level processes, such as youth age and parental racial worry. Building from this prior scholarship, the current study examined whether youth age and parental racial worry uniquely and conjointly moderated the association between youth racial discrimination and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Participants were 189 Black adolescents (ages 11-18; 48% female; Mage = 14.43) and their primary caregivers (Mage = 42.75) who completed surveys assessing youth racial discrimination frequencies, youth anxiety and depression symptoms, and parental racial worry. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that racial discrimination and parental racial worry were positively associated with youth anxiety and depression symptoms. Further, results also demonstrated that the association between racial discrimination and anxiety symptoms was significant across age groups and levels of parental racial worry, except for older adolescents whose caregivers reported low levels of worry. Findings highlight the importance of considering how youth age and parental racial worry may intersect to exacerbate mental health concerns among Black youth.

Undergraduate research programs (URPs) play an important role in preparing the next cohort of professionals in the health research workforce. URPs also provide continuity and structure during times of stress and uncertainty, like the COVID-19 pandemic and racial reckoning of 2020. This mixed-methods study describes the relationships between student stressors and educational experiences while examining program factors that might have mitigated negative consequences. Participants of an NIH-funded URP, BUILD (Building Infrastructure Leading to Diversity), aimed to increase the number of students from underrepresented backgrounds in biomedical and behavioral sciences Ph.D. programs and research careers (N = 45), were surveyed in September 2020 and again in May 2021 to understand their personal, programmatic, and educational-related concerns during the twin pandemic of COVID-19 and racial injustice. Concurrent and longitudinal correlational relationships as well as qualitative data were examined to describe trainee experiences and inform best practices in supporting academic pursuits and well-being. In fall 2020, students reported high levels of mental health and academic concerns. Additionally, there was a wide spectrum of personal needs concerns, and of emotional impacts of anti-Black racism on students. High levels of these concerns and impacts of racial injustice were related to poorer personal resource management and programmatic working relationships, as well as educational and graduation impacts after students completed a virtual academic year. Students continued to feel emotionally and academically impacted by both anti-Asian and anti-Black racism, and a majority also indicated heightened awareness and engagement with racial injustice topics. Finally, results showed that negative early experiences were related to poorer end-of-the-year educational experiences, and in some cases, these relationships were significant only for students with a weaker sense of belonging, resource management skills, or working relationships. Results supported the URPs’ importance of developing belongingness, strong working relationships, and personal management skills, which improved students’ research and academic success, particularly for those with personal, mental health, and/or academic needs or concerns. Building a network of support and these skill sets as undergraduates may have long-reaching effects to help trainees endure and flourish when faced with future challenges.

Intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment among Black families: A scoping review.

Paramedics from the Middle East are enrolling in overseas Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) programs in growing numbers, yet their experiences remain under-explored. This study sought to explore the lived experiences, challenges and supports that shape their PhD. Paramedics with a primary residence in the Middle East who had either completed or were undertaking their PhD study internationally were eligible to be included. Participants were purposively recruited. We conducted a qualitative reflexive thematic analysis through an inductive process at the semantic/explicit level with theme development informed by a critical-realist lens. Data was constructed from nine participants, leading to the development of four inter-locking themes. Theme 1: Importance of collaboration captured how PhD projects surged forward when students secured early alliances with university, ambulance-service and industry decision makers and paramedic mentors, yet drifted when those links were missing, leaving ethics applications and data requests languishing. Theme 2: A balancing act portrayed the daily tightrope of deciphering new academic norms while relocating families, making finances work amid soaring costs, and, for some, absorbing overt racism, pressures that often felt harder than the study itself. Theme 3: Having a reason highlighted the inner motivation from participants: ambitions to influence and contribute to elevating care provided by paramedics, gain academic seniority, or honour employer sponsorships that had staked faith in their success to undertake the study. Finally, Theme 4: Lack of paramedicine expertise revealed limitations participants paced with few paramedic supervisors and scant discipline-specific doctoral pathways being available, meant participants felt they were left translating their efforts to well-meaning but unfamiliar advisors. Middle Eastern paramedics negotiate complex academic, personal and cultural landscapes to complete overseas PhDs. Culturally responsive onboarding, structured mentorship by experienced paramedic researchers, and expansion of paramedicine-specific doctoral programs could ease this journey, improve experiences and better harness this cohort's capacity to advance global paramedic practice.

Black resilience has been long documented in Black history; yet few studies discuss the positive narratives of Black experiences. There is little discussion of positive and protective factors that are present in the Black community to cope with anti-Black racism. In this qualitative research, we aimed to explore and describe effective coping strategies used in response to anti-Black racism to promote both individual and collective well-being in the Black community. Using a strengths-based approach, the objectives of the study were to 1) explore helpful coping strategies used by Black Canadians ( N = 22) in response to anti-Black racism; and 2) describe their impact on personal and collective well-being through interviews. Results illustrated that emotional collective coping , active individual coping and africultural coping were helpful for participants in dealing with anti-Black racism. These coping strategies had positive impacts on participants’ personal well-being (e.g., self-efficacy) and collective well-being (e.g., social connection). This research describes the internal strength and collective power that exists in the Black community, especially in the Canadian context. Information from this study reaffirms the presence of Black resilience amidst the face of race-based stressors and orients both practitioners and researchers to understand the protective factors that enhance the lives of Black people.

There is a dearth of psychological research on the effects of racial discrimination on the mental health of Pacific Islander (PI) individuals in the United States in general, but more specially among Pacific Islander men. The objective of this study was to examine the intersections of racial discrimination, depression, anxiety, stress, anger, forgiveness, and self-esteem in a sample of 249 Latter-day Saint Pacific Islander men in the United States through an online Qualtrics survey. Specifically, this study also sought to examine the effects of racial discrimination and the indirect effects of forgiveness and self-esteem on anger and depression, anxiety, and stress among this Pacific Islander group. Elevated experiences of racial discrimination were linked to increased levels of anger and negative psychological outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, experiences of racial discrimination were inversely correlated with forgiveness and self-esteem. Forgiveness and self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between racial discrimination and mental health outcomes, including anger, depression, anxiety, and stress. Implications are provided regarding psychological impacts of racial discrimination among Pacific Islander men in the United States. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

ABSTRACT This study examined factors predicting Transfronterizx college students’ on-campus sense of belonging at a four-year institution in the U.S.–Mexico borderlands. Survey data from 100 students were analyzed using backward elimination multiple regression to assess ten predictors. Six variables significantly predicted belonging: self-reported discrimination, perceived racial and ethnic tension, student status, years living a transborder life, frequency of weekly border crossings, and days spent in the United States. Findings demonstrate how transborder experiences and campus climate shape belonging for this population. The study offers implications for institutional practices that support Transfronterizx students in higher education along the U.S.–Mexico border.

ABSTRACT This paper uses Blumer’s model of “race prejudice” (racism) to explain how concerns about immigration and threats to whites’ social status were deployed by President Trump to secure his path to the presidency. Herbert Blumer explained that discriminatory and racist actions by the dominant group occur when the subordinate group is perceived as encroaching on the social and economic resources the dominant group believe is their property. The perception among many whites that immigrants are taking resources they believe whites were entitlement to, the demonization of immigrants by Trump that made immigrants a collective threat, and the promise that resources could be returned to whites led whites to vote for Trump en masse and set in motion what promises to be the enactment of numerous anti-immigrant initiatives and policies.

ABSTRACT This essay analyses Donald Trump’s interview at the National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ). We identify his responses to the Black women journalists at the NABJ panel as racist and sexist outrage rhetoric. Trump launches personal attacks to delegitimize the Black women journalists who challenge him, with the purpose of inspiring outrage in liberal circles while offering white conservatives amusement and comfort. This panel, beyond illustrating Trump’s political rhetoric, unearths a key challenge American journalism is currently facing: objectivity, as it is conceptualized and operationalized in traditional journalistic spaces, insists on dispassionate neutrality and civility. This standard is further pronounced when applied to marginalized journalists. We contend that Trump, in his deployment of outrage rhetoric, is taking advantage of the professional rules of objectivity in an increasingly polarized society; Black professionals in historically white professions have to remain “civil” to be considered legitimate in the profession, even as Trump responds to legitimate questions with anti-Black, sexist attacks.

This study examines the dual nature of anxiety among diasporic subjects in Abdulrazak Gurnah’s The Last Gift. It first identifies anxiety as a product of racial conflict, class oppression, identity disorientation, and generational divides—laying bare its roots. Second, it analyzes how this anxiety is suppressed through the formation of a “Community of Silence” among diasporic groups. Third, it foregrounds anxiety’s role as a catalyst for shattering silence, rekindling emotional bonds, and ultimately transforming individual distress into collective experience. Drawing on Sianne Ngai’s theory of negative affect, this study interprets the metaphor of the “gift” in Abbas’s final deathbed recordings to trace this three-stage trajectory of anxiety. It argues that anxiety, far from being purely destructive, facilitates inter-generational and intercultural emotional connections, enabling diasporic subjects to construct emotional communities rooted in shared affective struggles. This process challenges conventional academic framings of “negative affects” and offers a narrative paradigm for resisting structural oppression in the globalized era—one that resonates with Gurnah’s critique of colonial history and his empathetic portrayal of refugee experiences.

Holocaust memorial sites, as central destinations of dark tourism, hold profound significance in historical education, social introspection, and emotional engagement by exposing the extreme brutality in human history. Using Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp as a representative case study, this study investigates its social impact as an infamous historical memorial site established during World War II. The study reveals that visitors' motivations encompass learning historical truths, commemorating victims, probing into the form of dark tourism, and forging emotional bonds with survivors. Through visiting the relics such as gas chambers and crematoria, visitors undergo a psychological transition from sympathy to empathy, interweaving personal recollection with collective memory, thereby prompting deep reflections on humanity, peace, and racial violence. The social impact of such memorial sites is primarily manifested in three interrelated aspects: first, enhancing social cohesion through affective education; second, encouraging critical thinking about racial discrimination and violence; and third, reinforcing the perception of historical authenticity through tangible artifacts and historical records. These sites function not only as silent witnesses to history but also as stark warnings for the future, compelling individuals to uphold the values of peace, justice, and human rights.

ABSTRACT This article examines the theatre project My White Best Friend (and Other Letters Left Unsaid), curated by Rachel De-Lahay and directed by Milli Bhatia and Chris Sonnex in 2019. The project stages letters written by Black artists and read aloud for the first time in front of an audience, addressing issues such as white privilege, racial tensions and microaggressions. Drawing on theories of white privilege and fragility, affect and solidarity, this article explores how discomfort – both felt and performed – can serve as a catalyst for what Jodi Dean terms “reflective solidarity. By analysing the use of metatheatrical strategies, spatial reconfiguration and direct audience interpellation, the article demonstrates how these theatrical techniques can challenge dominant racial hierarchies, offering the conditions for self-reflective and decolonial solidary responses to racial issues in contemporary Britain.

Surrealism, since its 1920s origins in Europe, has accentuated “unexpected juxtapositions” and dreamlike forms to reveal what André Breton called the “superior reality” of the unconscious mind. In the past quarter-century, many critics have pointed to a burgeoning Afrosurrealism, a style that depicts the absurd, irrational, supernatural, and confounding qualities of contemporary Black life. This article turns to two books of poetry by Harryette Mullen—Sleeping with the Dictionary (2002) and Urban Tumbleweed: Notes from a Tanka Diary (2013)—to illuminate Mullen’s important yet long-underrecognized contributions to Afrosurrealist practice. Notably, Mullen’s poetry does not adhere to a Black/White racial binary but instead expresses a multiethnic Afrosurrealism, exploring how Black, Latinx, Asian, and Indigenous communities all have been marginalized, harassed, and excluded—as well as how they imagine and enter other worlds—in surreal ways. The article argues that Mullen’s poems activate a surrealist consciousness (an experience of dreaminess, disorientation, and misapprehension) in the speaker, the characters, and the readers of the poem alike. Often, the poetry depicts racial gaslighting, profiling, or prejudice. At other times, the poetry playfully performs a kind of gaslighting, leading us readers to question both what it is that we are experiencing and whether we ourselves might be guilty of prejudice or racial profiling. Given that our current times are themselves quite surreal—with lines often blurred between news and entertainment, sincerity and performance, reality and dream—Mullen’s multiethnic Afrosurrealism enables us to better understand our present, as well as to dream and to craft better futures.

This article aims to conduct a critical analysis of the concept of the cordial man by Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, as presented in his work Raízes do Brasil. Initially, the text explores the concept of a cordial man, which refers to the figure of a Brazilian characterized by cordiality in social relations, but who, at the same time, carries a trait of submission, resulting from Portuguese cultural heritage. This concept, according to the author, would be at the root of corrupt practices in Brazilian politics, where voters and politicians share mutual responsibility for corruption. By associating corruption with the poorest population, predominantly made up of black and mixed-race people, the concept of the cordial man obscures the broader dimensions of racism in Brazil, making invisible the role of elites and businesspeople in maintaining structures of power and oppression. Disguised racial prejudice thus becomes a form of hidden segregation, validated by the social construction itself that marginalizes certain groups in the name of "cordiality." The cordial man not only diverts attention from the responsibilities of the elites but also perpetuates a distorted view of Brazilian social reality, hiding structural racism and its disguised forms. To carry out this study, the hypothetical- deductive approach method was adopted, which allows starting from situations previously formulated and tested through a critical analysis of existing literature. Bibliographical research is used as the main research technique, enabling a grounded and contextualized reflection on the issues raised.

ABSTRACT This paper examines ethnoracial dynamics emerging in a social justice-oriented voucher school in Chile, where nearly half of the enrolment consisted of immigrant students, predominantly from Haiti. Through multilevel analysis, this study centres on theoriseing blanquitud as a normalised social ethos within an educational context. Drawing on 600 hours of participant observation and more than one hundred interviews, this work interrogates, analyses, and contextualises three technologies of blanquitud applied by educators to respond to overt anti-Black racism experienced by immigrant students of African descent. The first is mestizaje, a national myth of racial mixture and homogeneity that erased the influence of African ancestry and relegated Indigenous peoples to privilege blanquitud. The second is the performance of racial innocence, operationalised by engaging in race-evasive practices to ignore or downplay anti-Black violence. The third is the enactment of caring dehumanisation towards the bodies of people of African descent.

ABSTRACT Following the announcement of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge in 1940s New York City, the overwhelmingly (ethnic) White populace of Staten Island feared that Black Americans were soon to follow. Numerous neighborhood organizations lobbied for more restrictive zoning policies that isolated Black communities, particularly multiple-dwelling buildings and public housing developments. The resulting policies expanded a spatial order and entrenched “negative space,” racialized geographic boundaries that emphasized the Whiteness of some neighborhoods against the Blackness of others. Leveraging the narrative accounts and cultural production of Staten Island’s most famous export, the hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan, I offer an intimate portrait of anti-Black racism and structural violence that presents the Wu-Tang Clan as literal and metaphorical fugitives leveraging hip hop to reclaim their urban narratives. I conclude that despite decades of anti-Black racism and exclusionary zoning creating a vicious and self-perpetuating cycle that encourages racial violence, Wu-Tang Clan “ain’t nothing to f*** wit.”

Anti-Asian discrimination remains prevalent in the United States but continues to be reported and charged at low levels. In the current research, we seek to understand this puzzle in the context of workplace discrimination. Integrating the literature on the U.S. racial status hierarchy—which positions Asian Americans as an intermediate status group situated in between White and Black Americans—with the prototype model of attributions to discrimination, we propose that lay observers do not consider Asian Americans to be prototypical targets of racial discrimination. As a result, we predict that observers are less likely to attribute potentially discriminatory incidents to discrimination when those incidents involve Asian (compared with Black) targets. We find evidence supporting our predictions across two studies assessing prototypes of targets of racial discrimination (Studies 1 and 2), three preregistered experiments comparing attributions to discrimination for Asian and Black job candidates (Studies 3–5), and a data set of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission discrimination charges (Study 6). Our research makes theoretical advances on the racial experience of Asian employees by identifying Asian Americans as nonprototypical targets of racism and underscoring the relative failure of attributions to discrimination as an insidious problem that likely perpetuates anti-Asian racism at work. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2024.18628 .

Research indicates that Black Americans are at higher risk for trauma symptoms due to exposure to racial discrimination. However, the degree to which Black Americans appraise discriminatory events as threatening and how their coping with discrimination affects traumatization remains unclear. In the current study, an online sample of Black American adults ( N = 414), threat appraisal was tested as a mechanism through which direct and vicarious discrimination predicts trauma symptoms. Coping strategies were explored as potentially influencing the impact of discrimination on trauma. Perceived racial discrimination had a large effect ( r = .67) on trauma symptoms and both direct and vicarious racism were positively related to trauma symptoms through threat appraisal. Avoidant coping (i.e., disengagement or withdrawal from reminders of stressors) strengthened the effect of direct discrimination on trauma symptoms in middle-aged and older Black Americans but not younger adults. Additionally, neither problem-focused nor social support coping influenced the discrimination–trauma relationship. The implications of the findings, possible future directions, and limitations of the study are discussed.

BackgroundOver the past two decades, use of social media has grown among US adults. Common social media platforms include Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, X, LinkedIn, and TikTok. People proactively use social media for a variety of purposes including searching for health information, peer-to-peer social support, and health-related information sharing. As these platforms often serve as sources of health information, understanding how, if at all, people use them may inform future behavioral interventions delivered via social media. Additionally, a better understanding of social engagement may have implications for public health messaging and patient-centered communication.ObjectiveUsing a nationally representative sample of US adults, we explored how factors including subjective numeracy (ie, ease of understanding medical statistics), interpersonal communication with family and friends, and perceived discrimination influence whether people ever watched versus never watched health-related videos on social media platforms.MethodsWe analyzed the National Cancer Institute’s Health Information National Trends Survey data, which were collected from March to November 2022 (n=6252). After excluding participants who did not have complete data for all variables of interest, we analyzed responses from 4543 participants. Respondents were asked, “In the past 12 months, how often did you watch a health-related video on a social media site (eg, YouTube)?” Response options included: almost every day, at least once a week, a few times a month, less than once a month, and never. We collapsed answers into ever or never watched. Odds ratios (OR), 95% CIs, and P values were calculated. A multivariate logistic regression model was considered using all factors that were univariately significant (P<.10). Using backward elimination, factors that were not significant with P>.05 were removed one by one until remaining factors were all significant collectively (P<.05).ResultsOf 4543 adults analyzed, 61.5% reported watching at least one health-related video in the past 12 months, whereas 38.5% had never watched one. In the multivariable analysis, all age group categories over 50 years were less likely to watch health-related videos compared to those aged 18‐34 years, with respondents aged ≥75 years having the lowest odds of all groups for watching a health-related video (OR 0.16, P<.001). Higher odds of watching health-related videos were observed among respondents who were Black (OR 1.59, P<.01), Hispanic (OR 1.54, P=.01), and from “Other” minority groups (OR 2.07, P=.01) compared to White respondents. College graduates (OR 1.71, P<.01) and those who found medical statistics easy to understand (OR 1.29, P=.04), talked about health with friends or family (OR 1.68, P<.01), or experienced racial discrimination in medical care (OR 1.59, P=.02) also had higher odds of watching health-related videos on social media.ConclusionsFindings from this study may help target health communication campaigns on social media designed to improve screening, lifestyle changes, medication adherence, and disease management.