Product Development Activities Research Articles

The development of crop production in the northern Horn of Africa: a review of the archaeobotanical evidence

ABSTRACT This article presents a synthesis of the hypotheses and evidence for plant domestication and the origins of agriculture in the northern Horn of Africa. To date, available archaeological data point to an introduction of agricultural practices to Ethiopia during the late Holocene, c. 1600 BC, influenced by adjacent areas including eastern Sudan, Egypt and southern Arabia. The archaeobotanical record shows that farming in the northern highlands was based on the cultivation of barley, linseed and lentils, combined with the exploitation of local wild grasses from the Panicoideae and Chloridoideae sub-families. This indicates that local populations also played a role in the development of productive activities in the region, a process that might have been in place before the arrival of the southwest Asian agricultural package. After the first millennium BC, amidst an increase in sedentary settlements in the region, new domesticated crops appeared in the archaeological record. These include exogenous crops such as emmer wheat, but also indigenous plants such as t’ef and noog, which were locally domesticated likely throughout the Pre-Aksumite period. With the rise of the Aksumite Kingdom, c. 50 BC – AD 700, the agricultural package again expanded to include of a wide range of pulses, geophytes and other economic crops. Macrobotanical remains of sorghum and finger millet also appear for the first time during this period, although this contrasts with the microbotanical record of the region, which points to an earlier presence. In the southern highlands and southwest Ethiopia, evidence of Plectranthus edulis (Vatke) Agnew (Ethiopian potato or Oromo potato) has been identified by the late first millennium BC, pointing towards an earlier domestication than previously considered. Similarly, enset and coffee remains have been documented during the early first millennium AD. Altogether, new studies are needed to confirm some of these hypotheses, as archaeobotanical studies in the northern Horn are still limited. The combination of macrobotanical and microbotanical data, along with ethnoarchaeological and experimental research programs and linguistic studies, will be of critical importance for refining our current understanding of the processes associated with plant domestication and the introduction of crop production in the region.

Shared Mental Models and Boundary Management Activities in New Product Development: A Perspective on Multiteam Systems

Multiteam systems (MTSs) have been increasingly adopted as an organizational form to manage large-scale projects. However, new product development (NPD) in the MTSs structure entails challenges with respect to achieving efficiency due to interteam coordination challenges. Shared mental models (SMMs) within a single team have been found to facilitate intrateam coordination; however, further exploration is needed as to whether SMMs within MTSs can improve interteam coordination among component teams and, if so, what mechanisms underlie this. The present article examines the theoretical underpinning of the impacts of SMMs among component team leaders on MTSs’ NPD efficiency, and further considers the impact of external conditions of requirement uncertainty, the most common external situation during NPD. Using survey data from 110 information technology development MTSs and drawing on boundary management perspective, the results reveal that SMMs among component team leaders positively affect NPD efficiency by managing the MTSs boundary, i.e., through boundary entrainment and boundary buffering activities at the system level. In addition, we find that requirement uncertainty plays a vital role in determining the nature of this relationship. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of the role of SMMs among component team leaders in facilitating NPD efficiency in MTSs settings.

Vertical Coopetition: Effect of Supplier Relationship Management Strategies on Supplier Involvement in New Product Development

In the complex “vertical coopetition” relationship, this article aims to explore how manufacturers develop supplier relationship management (SRM) strategies to motivate supplier involvement in their new product development (NPD) activities. It investigates the influence of two competitive and cooperative SRM strategies (introducing competition for suppliers and holding supplier shares) on coinnovation performance which is the result of supplier involvement measured in a time-lagged manner. This article used the panel data on the Japanese automobile industry from 1994 to 2016 with fixed-effect negative binomial regression analysis. The results shed light on the inverted U-shaped effect of introducing competition for suppliers and the positive effect of holding supplier shares on coinnovation performance. They also indicate that holding supplier shares can weaken the curved role of introducing competition in coinnovation, but the inverted U-shape persists. Holding a high proportion of a supplier's shares and simultaneously introducing moderate competition for the supplier would be a relatively better strategy for increasing supplier involvement in NPD and coinnovation. The findings provide insights into strategic sourcing and contribute to the interfirm coopetition literature by focusing on vertical buyer-SRM strategies and their roles in supplier involvement in NPD.

The Exploration of Product Performance Photography in New Product Development (Npd) Activity: A Design Thinking Approach

The Exploration of Product Performance Photography in New Product Development (Npd) Activity: A Design Thinking Approach

Analisis kandungan energi dan zat gizi makro pada formula enteral non susu berbasis kacang merah (Phaseolus vulgaris) untuk pasien diabetes mellitus tipe II

Background: Individuals at the age of 40 years face a 6-fold higher risk of developing Type II diabetes. Modification of enteral nutrition is necessary to address nutritional needs in patients with eating difficulties. Nutritional therapy for Type II diabetes patients should focus on controlling blood glucose levels by selecting foods with low glycemic index and high fiber content. Red beans, rich in protein, carbohydrates, and fiber, offer potential benefits in blood glucose control and as a dairy substitute for individuals with cow's milk allergies, making them a viable candidate for hospital-based enteral nutrition.Objectives: This study aims to determine the macronutrient content, flow test, food cost, and organoleptic test of non-dairy liquid food based on local ingredients. The study uses a completely randomized design.Methods: A complete randomized design was employed for this research. Product development activities were conducted in June 2022 at the Nutritional Kitchen of Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita Hospital. Preparation of non-dairy liquid food using red beans as a base, proximate analysis of nutritional content, flow test through an NGT tube, food cost calculation, and organoleptic assessment involving ten respondents were carried out.Results: Proximate analysis of the formula yielded the following composition: water content 85,88%, ash 0,25%, protein 1,95%, fat 2,343%, carbohydrates 9,60%, and fiber 1,38%. The flow test for the red bean formula through the Fr 16 NGT tube demonstrated a rate of 50cc/31,90 seconds. The calculated food cost for one recipe of red bean formula was Rp. 8,734.00. Organoleptic evaluation results indicated that the majority of respondents favored the aroma (80%), taste (60%), color (100%), and texture (90%).Conclusion: The red bean formula meets the protein and carbohydrate requirements of the diabetes mellitus diet standards, while the fat and fiber content do not yet meet the diabetes mellitus diet standards.

UKWMS’ COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT: PROMOTING ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND DIGITAL MARKETING AT PUHSARANG KEDIRI

In the era of globalization, the level of competition for Small and Medium Enterprises is getting tighter, exacerbated by the severe situation of the Covid-19 pandemic, making it difficult for MSMEs to market the products they produce. CED UKWMS 2023 is a form of community activity held in Puhsarang Kediri aimed at increasing the capabilities of MSME partners to grow and develop. The CED will be conducted on July 20-28, 2023, involving 27 participants from 3 countries: the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The series of activities carried out at CED in the form of service learning projects focus on product development activities and online markets. The output produced from is in the form of packaging prototype designs, logo designs, stickers, banners. In addition, the output of digital marketing development is in the form of creating social media accounts such as Instagram as a marketing medium for MSME products. In general, CED this time has provided solutions to the problems of MSME partners related to product development and online/digital markets.

How does digital transformation improve new product development performance from the perspective of resource orchestration?-Analysis based on configuration.

The new product development (NPD) activities of enterprises serve as a critical source of competitiveness. To effectively harness the opportunities presented by digital transformation and enhance the performance of NPD in organizations amidst the digital revolution is an area of concern that warrants attention. In this context, we conducted research using data from the annual reports of 35 listed mainboard enterprises in 2021. This research used the resource arrangement theory and the resource-structure-capability research framework. In addition, we utilized the quantitative comparative analysis (QCA) method to investigate how digital transformation capability, R&D investment capability, and heterogeneity synergies impact the performance of NPD. The findings indicate that: (1) Four distinct paths (i.e., digital innovation-driven, large-scale multi-talent, mature and robust, and digital start-up) drive improvements in NPD performance. Notably, there exists an asymmetric causal relationship between these four paths and the performance; (2) Digital transformation capability, firm R&D investment, and firm heterogeneity all contribute to enhancing NPD performance. However, they do not individually guarantee high performance. A synergistic effect of at least two factors is required to yield notable NPD performance; (3) Enterprise heterogeneity plays a pivotal role. Companies with different characteristics must opt for distinct digital transformation paths to improve their NPD performance; (4) In the initial stage of digital transformation, enterprises can enhance NPD performance by augmenting their investment in R&D personnel.

An Eco-Innovative Green Design Method using the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving and Importance–Performance Analysis Tools—A Case Study of Marker Pen Manufacturing

This study explores innovative designs for the cap of a marker pen, aiming to address the issues of cap loss and ink evaporation during marker pen usage. This study applies intrinsic safety, universal design and TRIZ as research methods. TRIZ has great potential to address most of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relevant to conflict-oriented problem solving for innovations. The principles of simplification, foolproof design, clarity of states, and tolerance from intrinsic safety were applied to prevent cap loss and minimize the risks associated with ink evaporation. The TRIZ methodology’s contradiction matrix was utilized to identify relevant inventive principles by improving parameters and avoiding worsening parameters, providing a reference basis for product structure design. Lastly, the principles of equitable use, simplicity, intuitiveness, and effortless design from universal design were employed to enhance the marker pen’s usability for the general public. This study creates a SERVQUAL questionnaire to compare the prototype of the designed pen cap with commercially available pen caps. It utilizes the two-dimensional quality model (Kano model) and Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) for practical design analysis. Finally, the prototype structure is visualized using graphic software. The innovative design features of this study include the following. (1) Concealable pen tip: the sliding seal hides the pen tip inside the pen body when the pen core is slid upwards, preventing cap loss and ink drying. (2) Quick retractable function: using a pressing mechanism, the pen tip can be quickly retracted with a one-handed press and slide motion. (3) Replaceable pen core: the pen core can be replaced by disassembling the pen body, removing the old pen core, and inserting a new one, thereby extending the pen’s lifespan. (4) Satisfaction evaluation of the innovative pen cap design: through questionnaire surveys and cross-analysis using the IPA and the Kano model, this study assesses the product’s manufacturing and mass production value to reduce actual product development costs and time.

FORMALIZATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL PROVISIONS OF THE STATE POLICY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES AND THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SECTOR ACCORDING TO WORLD EXPERIENCE

The article highlights the need to study world experience as a basic element in the development and implementation of state policy, especially in the field of high-tech and digital economic development. The importance of a comprehensive approach to the construction of the state policy for the development of high-tech industries and the ICT sector is emphasized and its main elements are highlighted: the purpose, goals, subjects, objects, functions, principles, methods, tools, means. In the context of the study of the world experience of the implementation of such a state policy, attention is focused on the processes of resource provision, infrastructural development, normative and legal regulation, institutional and organizational management, production and technological development, investment and innovation activities, information and communication exchange and others. The study of the world experience of the state policy of the development of high-tech industries and the ICT sector makes it possible to note that the state acts as a driving force in creating a favorable environment for the stable establishment and expansion of the production and sale of high-tech products with a high level of implementation of digitization processes. The experience of developed countries confirms the priority of the state policy for the development of high-tech industries and the ICT sector with the following leading strategic goals: the formation of the internal market of innovations and technologies and its integration into the country’s economic system; development and implementation of progressive projects of high-tech production and digitization of the economy; improvement of organizational-technical and financial-economic accessibility of innovations and digital technologies; creation and development of innovative technological and informational digital infrastructure; development of inter-branch and inter-sectoral technical-technological and information-communication cooperation; creation and development of the national ecosystem of digital and technological transformation.

An Empirical Analysis of Green Absorptive Capacity, Green Innovation, and Enterprise Performance: A Green Entrepreneurship Orientation Approach

In an era of a knowledge-based economy, identifying, acquiring, and internalizing the external valuable knowledge is key to the development of enterprises. Given that few studies have adequately evaluated this phenomenon using a green entrepreneurship orientation perspective. The study employs green absorptive capacity, green innovation to access its impact on enterprise performance. Thereafter, a theoretical model depicting the impact of green absorptive capacity and green innovation on enterprise performance was constructed. To buttress the veracity of this study’s hypotheses, a survey of 219 enterprises of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China was conducted. The empirical tests support that green absorptive capacity significantly improves green innovation capability, financial and environmental performance of enterprises in the region. More so, the findings of the study are confirmed that green technology innovation and green process innovation partially mediate the relationship between green absorptive capacity and the financial performance and environmental performance of firms. Consequently, enterprises should continuously absorb exogenous green knowledge, integrate green knowledge and technology into product design and production processes, as well as carry out innovative activities in green product development and pollution control, to sustainably improve the environmental and financial performance of relevant organizations over time.

The utility of transcriptomics in the conservation of sensitive and economically important species

The connection between the central dogma of biology [DNA --(Transcription)---› RNA –(Translation)--› Protein] and the 'omics' resources obtained from each molecule are now being exploited by conservation managers to protect biodiversity and ecosystems for sustainable development. Biodiversity doesn't necessarily mean the total number of species, it is more complex and includes genetic diversity within species and the diversity of habitats. Land-use changes, direct harvest, various forms of pollution, and climate change are the biggest threats to biodiversity, most of which are hardly documented at the molecular level to guide conservation actions and stop extinctions. Justifying the plasticity of species adaptability could ensure informed decisions on proposing suitable habitats for species translocations if the current distributional range is disturbed. The 'omics' resources (especially generated by high-throughput RNA and DNA sequencing approaches) have intervened on a larger scale recently to understand species physiology, evolutionary biology and ecology. This has supported enriched information on the evolution and evaluation of adaptive phenotypes in natural populations as well as the mechanism of physiological responses to various environmental perturbations (Alvarez et al., 2015; De Wit et al., 2015; Evans, 2015; Connon et al., 2018). Transcriptomics can unravel unparalleled mysteries in the context of conservation of sensitive and economically important species. Being smaller than genomes and tissue-specific, it reduces the amount of data generated and focuses on candidate gene expressions, understanding a species' response to environmental changes. It gives sufficient scope for studying the biology of a non-model species at the molecular level by de novo assembled transcript generation and annotation involving predicted gene function. Apart from the ontology and homology-based functional annotations, the transcriptomes can also be mined for the discovery of genetic markers such as simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) vital for assessments of genetic diversity and exploring species from newer habitats. Ultimately, such resources should be effectively integrated into management decisions and policies to contribute towards conservation. Utilization of transcriptome knowledge in conservation remains rare due to unfamiliarity of the interpretation of complex molecular data for managers. Hence, to overcome such a knowledge divide, the physiologists and the data scientists need to build partnerships with regulatory agencies and resource managers to translate transcriptomic evaluations to well-characterized molecular thresholds that can act as sensible markers to predict a species' adaptive plasticity in invoking compensatory mechanisms leading to recovery or non-recovery. Until and unless such conservative benchmarks are designed, the utility of the transcriptomes into management actions and policies seems debated. I have been associated with the Korean threatened species initiative for the past eight years as a researcher. The initiative has prioritized the Illumina HiSeq-based short-read platform for transcriptome generation and the Trinity suite for de novo assembly of clean reads. Further, a locally-curated database known as the PANM database (Protostome DB) has facilitated gene discovery in Red List molluscan and butterfly species of Korea that are threatened of extinction. Mostly, the transcriptomics pipeline adopted under this initiative has cataloged the functional resources in the context of immunity, growth and reproduction of species. Large-scale screening of SSR markers from transcriptome has highlighted the possibility of addressing species richness and diversity in disturbed natural habitats and the feasibility of finding species in newer habitats. This initiative has provided the first report to record ecologically-relevant traits from endangered lycaenid butterflies such as Protantigius superans and Spindasis takanosis and the nymphalid butterfly, Fabriciana nerippe (Patnaik et al., 2015; Hwang et al., 2016). Further, the transcriptome profile of the Asian giant hornet, Vespa mandarinia was able to screen new genes to understand the physiological attributes of the wasp enlisted as threatened species in Korea (Patnaik et al., 2016). Among the threatened molluscan species of Korea, the land snails such as Aegista chejuensis and Aegista quelpartensis (Kang et al., 2016), Koreanohadra kurodana (Kang et al., 2016), Satsuma myomphala (Kang et al., 2017) and Ellobium chinense (Kang et al., 2018) were prioritized for transcriptome sequencing. The detailed molecular components ascribed to innate immunity pathways were also screened from the transcriptome of a freshwater mussel, Cristaria plicata endangered in Korea (Patnaik et al., 2016) and an air-breathing land slug, Incilaria fruhstorferi (Patnaik et al., 2019). The discovery of the immunity components was useful in drafting a conceptual map of innate immune signaling in molluscs by addressing the putative involvement of the orthologs at different stages of pathway. Such resources are vital for functional genomics applications as they serve to understand the resistance or susceptibility of the host to microorganisms. De novo transcriptome of endangered triton shell, Charonia lampas sauliae identified transcripts that are channel proteins blocked by tetrodotoxin synthesized by symbiotic bacteria inhabiting the shells. Additionally, conotoxin superfamily peptides were discovered that could be synthesized for therapeutic interventions such as anti-cancer and pain-relief agents (Fassio et al., 2019; Yao et al., 2019; Hwang et al., 2021).The transcriptome of endangered diving beetle, Cybister japonicus and endangered dung beetle Copris tripartitus also enriched information on molecular resources including SSR discovery (Hwang et al., 2018; Hwang et al., 2023). With the large-scale availability of 'omics' resources, the threatened species initiative is taking proactive steps to complement local conservation efforts in the country. In India, there is a lack of similar consortium-based initiatives for understanding the local biodiversity of a region. This has restricted access to high-throughput molecular resources from the local biodiversity for meeting the challenges in health, agrifood and the environment. Hence, a consortium such as the National Biodiversity Genomics (NBG) consortium addressing the genome or transcriptome-guided discovery of molecular resources can act as a knowledge hub supporting environmental sustainability (Fig. 1). The consortium will be able to develop expertise in database development, bigdata analysis and bioinformatics, genetic diversity analysis and functional genomics resources. The consortium will also facilitate new opportunities in bigdata science, research-academia-industry partnerships for new product development, entrepreneurship, and outreach activities and invoke a forum for collaborations with International genomics consortiums. Such a consortium will keep the academics interested in the research supporting environmental sustainability with opportunities for workshops/ training, open-learning and modular courses, environmental education programs to encourage local action groups and conservation managers and create avenues for convergence research for resource utilization. Building 'omics' data infrastructure in a consortium to study the conservation of sensitive and economically-important species is needed in the country to invigorate attention on biodiversity conservation. In summary, such a consortium will build large-scale data resources, maximize the impact of national research infrastructure, build scientific capabilities, catalyze scientific collaborations and international linkages, and would accelerate research and translation into industry. I sincerely wish that the reference transcriptome characterization of native flora and fauna would be taken up in a consortium mode to unravel the unparalleled benefits of the resources in multi-dimensional research and development objectives. I am happy to share my research experience and expertise through this editorial on the 'Journal of Environmental Biology (JEB)' platform- a journal that I have been associated with for the last 15 years in different capacities as an author, reviewer, and editor. I appreciate the visions of Professor Dalela and the hardworking team over the years to make this journal a global environmental outlook tool for the benefit of society. Acknowledgment: This research was supported by Korea Basic Science Institute (National research Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Ministry of Education (2022R1A6C101B794), the National Research Foundation (NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039503 / NRF-2017R1D1A3B06034971) and Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.Further, the authors solicit the support received from the Agreement of Cooperation between Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India and KNAR, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea.

A New Product Configuration Model for Low Product Cost and Carbon-Neutral Expenditure

In the background of global carbon-neutral requirements, enterprises need to control carbon emissions in the process of product lifecycles in order to gain market competitive advantages. Previous product configuration studies, mostly focused on minimizing carbon dioxide emissions, have ignored the issue of carbon-neutral costs. This study quantifies the product costs borne by enterprises and the carbon-neutral cost borne by the government, respectively. A carbon-neutral cost model for suppliers, enterprises, customers, and recycling plants in the whole life cycle of products was constructed. The whole life cycle carbon emissions and the unit carbon removal costs were taken into account in the carbon-neutral cost model. By minimizing product and carbon-neutral costs, a bi-objective integer programming model was constructed. The NSGA-II algorithm was introduced to solve the Pareto front of the model. The feasibility and effectiveness of this method were then illustrated through a case study and results comparison. It showed that, compared with the scheme of carbon emissions reduction, the optimization scheme with carbon-neutral costs as the object had a significant change. Integrating carbon-neutral costs into product development activities was effective in reducing the enterprise’s product cost and the government’s financial expenditure on carbon removal simultaneously. The proposed model could provide a win–win product configuration scheme for the government and enterprises.

Determinants of competitive advantage: The roles of innovation orientation, fuzzy front end, and internal competition

Although innovation orientation is identified as an effective strategy to enhance an enterprise's competitive advantage, its mechanism remains to be investigated. This study divides the fuzzy front‐end (FFE) activities of new product development (NPD) projects into idea generation, concept definition, and initial planning and investigates the transmission path between innovation orientation and competitive advantage through these three activities. Additionally, we explore the moderating role of internal competition. This empirical study is based on 261 respondents from China. The results suggest that innovation orientation has a positive impact on FFE activities, and these promote competitive advantage. The mediating role of FFE activities in the relationship between innovation orientation and competitive advantage is confirmed. The results also reveal that internal competition regulates the relationship between innovation orientation and FFE activities in an inverted U‐shape. The study further reveals the internal mechanism of innovation orientation on competitive advantage and provides a deeper understanding of the link between them. The study guides research and development (R&D) management practitioners in managing FFE activities and rationalizing internal competition to enhance NPD success.

BARRIERS TO THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT – A SURVEY OF DIMENSIONS INVOLVED

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is seen as a great opportunity to secure future competitiveness in many corporate sectors. Potential for its use also exists in product development (PD) activities due to the amount of data generated and processed. Nevertheless, there are problems in applying the technology. This paper addresses current challenges based on a literature review, considering three disciplines that are necessary for the scope of this paper as a minimum: AI itself, information technology infrastructures (ITI) in context of digital transformation (DT), and PD as an application area. Building on the basic considerations of the state of the art, a link between the domains is established by outlining a possible reference framework towards the utilization of AI applications in PD. This enables an expanded interdisciplinary understanding. Key obstacles appear specifically to be difficult collaboration conditions between the disciplines of PD and AI applications development due to communication problems. Reasons for this include: – Meta models of PD do not provide a sufficient information base– Lack of standardized process models for the deployment of AI

Lean implementation in product development processes: a framework proposal

The implementation of lean principles in product development (PD) activities has been receiving increased attention lately. However, it is not clear how the application of these principles to PD activities enhances their effectiveness. Moreover, the implementation of lean principles is more difficult to achieve in PD activities than in the shop-floor context. The objective of this paper is to develop and implement a framework applying lean principles to the PD process. To that end, an action research project was conducted in the R&D department of an industrial company. This article presents and describes a six-step framework, its challenges, and main results. The implementation of the framework led to gains in the efficiency of the product development process through a 20% decrease in waste. Improvement measures such as standardisation, clear identification of roles, prioritisation of activities and improved efficiency of meetings were the main drivers for the gains in efficiency. Overall, three main contributions should be highlighted: the role a knowledgeable lean project leader can play; employee training focused on the implementation of lean-based product development activities; and team building and communication.

Comparison of different ways of handling consumer segments using L‐shape data

AbstractDifferent approaches for handling consumer segments in L‐shape data are compared in a study conducted in Norway. Consumers evaluated eight different yoghurt samples with profiles varying in three intrinsic attributes following a full factorial design. Three blocks of data were collected including sensory properties, liking ratings, and consumer attributes. Data were analyzed using two different approaches. In approach one, the one‐step simultaneous L‐Partial Least Square (L‐PLS) Regression with average consumer liking to represent the segments was used, while approach two was based on a two‐step procedure (TSP) based on Partial Least Square (PLS) Regression using dummy variables to represent the segments. The methods were compared in terms of interpretations, flexibility, and outcomes. Methodological implications, recommendations, and future research avenues are discussed.Practical ApplicationsThis manuscript has been devoted to two different ways of handling segmentation in L‐shape data of consumer liking, sensory properties, and consumer attributes. Overall, both L‐PLS and TSP approaches provide similar interpretation of results. The TSP approach, however, has the advantage of interpretating the horizontal and vertical direction in the L separately using standard regression methods. It is of interest of product development and marketing activities to identify which food product characteristics are important for consumer preferences and to better understand the characteristics of the consumers (e.g., socio‐demographics) that drive the consumer acceptance of the different products.

Strategi Gabungan Kelompok Tani Dalam Memberdayakan Petani Di Sekitar Area Pertambangan Batu Bara

Manunggal Jaya village is one of the food sheds that are in Kalimantan Timur. But as the age developed this village changed.This is a sign of the farming land that has begun to narrow. Irrigation was disrupted due to coal mining activities and communities exposed to waste from the mining. Farming land that began to shrink, irrigation disrupted due to coal mining activities and communities exposed to waste from the mining. As for the study's purpose: (1) to know the multi-use farm program in the middle of the coal mine, and (2) knew the combined strategy of farm groups to empower farmers in the middle of the coal mine area. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods through observation techniques, interviews and documentation. The results of research obtained by researchers in accordance with observation programs of empowerment cannot be felt by any farmer and are not carried out evenly because of minimal skills of agricultural and facility skills. The program implemented by the combined farming groups is the training of themes and materials organized according to existing agricultural potential, like giving the training of the stool dose according to the instructions, control of pests and diseases on plants, Home Food Training, and training system plant training line legowo. Whereas the combined strategy of the multi-purpose farming group is the development of human resources, The development of the group, The capital of the world is the, development of productive activities, and providing the right information for.

Open innovation in nascent ventures: Does openness influence the speed of reaching critical milestones?

Research on open innovation (OI) has demonstrated the benefits of openness for firm innovation processes, but studies have mostly offered cross-sectional insights on incumbent firms. This study offers a more dynamic perspective on the relevance of OI for nascent ventures. Combining entrepreneurship and OI theories, we argue that it is key for resource-scarce nascent ventures to achieve critical venture-creation milestones. While OI can help these ventures to leverage salient external partnerships, we argue that it affects their speed of reaching these milestones. We test our hypotheses on a longitudinal sample focusing on external collaboration practices of nascent ventures in the renewable energy or information and communications technology industries. Our results show that, while engaging in R&D collaborations slows down nascent ventures’ product development and sustainable profit generation activities, joining industry associations does not have a slow-down effect. Our results complement the OI literature by warning about the downsides of openness for nascent ventures, particularly during the venture creation phase, where speed is a high priority.

The Varying Returns to Diversification Along the Value Chain

This study examines whether the benefits of diversification vary across different value chain activities. The returns to diversification in product development and distribution activities are analyzed using a framework grounded in the intraindustry diversification literature and the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm. The study uses data from cocreation arrangements in the motion picture industry in which value chain activities are nearly decomposable—that is, split across producers and distributors—as a natural field study. Results based on 779 movies linked to 57 different production studios and distributed via 30 unaffiliated distributors or vertically integrated distribution branches show that greater focus in film production has a positive effect on profitability, whereas the level of focus/diversification in distribution is unrelated to profitability. This result holds regardless of whether the two functions are carried out within an integrated organization or across independent firms. Moreover, there is significant heterogeneity in the extent to which production studios benefit from increased focus which is tied to the composition of their product portfolios. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2022.0171 .

The Social Sustainability of the Infrastructures: A Case Study in the Liguria Region

One of the indicators that measures the economic development of a territory is its infrastructural endowment (road, rail, etc.). The presence of roads, railways, and airports are essential elements in creating the optimal conditions for the establishment or development of productive activities and economic growth; and also to generate benefits. However, the presence of infrastructure can have strong impacts on the environment and the living conditions of the population and infrastructure can be subject to actions related to contrast and opposition. Therefore, in parallel with the economic and environmental sustainability assessment, it is essential to decide whether or not to build new infrastructure. In addition, social sustainability is also pursued on the basis of an assessment that takes into account various aspects that relate the work to the population, also in order to identify the most satisfactory design solution. Alongside the adopted methodology, the assessment must be identified suitable criteria which are capable of taking into account the various impacts generated by the infrastructure, not only of an economic and environmental type, but also social and attributed relative importance (or weight) that is congruous with the correct balance of the three aspects of sustainability. This contribution deals with the identification of criteria for assessing the social sustainability of infrastructure projects, by taking as reference the 24 infrastructure projects in the planning and construction phase in the Liguria Region that make use of the Regional Law n. 39/2007 on the “Regional Strategic Intervention Programs—P.R.I.S.” (Regional Strategic Intervention Programs); which guarantees citizens affected by the infrastructure. In this research work, the selection is performed through the involvement of local stakeholders as well as the subjects and institutions that operate within the decision-making process of a work (designers, technicians from public administrations). The selected criteria are then weighted through the pairwise comparison method used in the multi-criteria technique of ThomasSaaty—Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The goal is to identify the useful criteria for assessing social sustainability and the weights attributed by the various parties involved in the decision-making process by citizens directly or indirectly affected by the infrastructure.