This study presents the first integrative assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from the Nembe mangrove ecosystem (Niger Delta, Nigeria), evaluating contamination levels, probable sources, and associated ecological and human health risks. Sediment samples collected from three stations were analysed for the 16 priority PAHs using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Fourteen PAH compounds were detected, with a mean concentration of 4728±2745mg/kg, far exceeding both the Nigerian intervention limit (4mg/kg) and international guideline values. Multivariate statistical methods were employed for source apportionment, and the 5th and 95th percentile health risks were estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. Diagnostic ratios, and correlation analysis indicated mixed petrogenic (oil-derived) and pyrogenic (combustion-related) inputs, consistent with oil spillage events and biomass burning activities. Ecological risk assessment showed that several PAHs exceeded the effect range-median (ER-M) thresholds, suggesting a high probability of adverse biological effects. The total 5th and 95th Percentile carcinogenic risk were 2.20×10-3 and 3.73×10-3 for children, and 1.60×10-3 and 2.77×10-3 for adults, respectively, all exceeding the United States Environmental Protection Agency maximum acceptable risk threshold (>1×10-4). Dermal contact and ingestion were identified as the dominant exposure pathways. Overall, the findings reveal severe PAH contamination in Nembe mangrove sediments, with substantial ecological and public health implications. Targeted public health interventions, stricter regulation of PAH sources, and sustained seasonal monitoring are urgently needed to mitigate oil spills, reduce human exposure, and guide remediation and policy development.

In search of PAH transformation pathways through air, water, sediment and bivalves in a coastal area of the Skagerrak Sea.

Mechanistic insights into cardiovascular toxicity induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as an example.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and microplastics (MPs) are among the most persistent organic pollutants in the environment, posing significant ecological and human health risks. These compounds exhibit the ability to migrate across air, water, and the soil environment, undergoing transformation processes that contribute to their environmental persistence. MPs have a strong tendency to attract PAHs due to their high surface area and their hydrophobic properties, and act as a platform for accumulating a wide variety of environmental contaminants on their surfaces. The PAHs and MPs have been detected across various ecosystems, including air, water, and soil. These pollutants are also present in living organisms, such as plants, animals, and even in the human body. Experimental studies indicate that chronic exposure to these pollutants is correlated with severe health effects and disrupts critical ecological functions. The United States environmental protection agency (U.S. EPA) has classified 16 specific PAH compounds as environmental hazards, recognizing their carcinogenic potential. This review focuses on the source, adsorption characteristics, and transport dynamics at the interface of PAHs and MPs pollutants. Understanding this interaction is vital for assessing the bioavailability of these combined contaminants to aquatic organisms, as it significantly influences their toxicity profiles and overall environmental consequences. In addition, the review explores how climate-related factors affect the fate, transport, and transformation of these contaminants in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. It also assesses the contributions of PAHs and MPs to climate change and global warming, providing insights into their broader ecological and environmental implications.

Associations between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomarkers of acute kidney injury among Chilean agricultural workers.

Ecotoxicological profile of a high prevalence marine disease area in Florida's Gulf coast.

Associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, zinc status, and abnormal lipid profiles in the U.S. population.

Ultrastructural alterations in gill, stomach and intestine of two coastal fish species collected from PAHs contaminated area at Digha coastal belt.

This study evaluates current and historical oil contamination from the El Grillo shipwreck in Seydisfjordur, Iceland, to assess potential risks for planned aquaculture operations. The British oil tanker El Grillo has been lying on the seabed at 30-40m depth since being sunk during a German attack on 10 February 1944, with ongoing concerns about oil leakage. Sediment and seawater samples are collected along a transect from the wreck and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and total organic carbon (TOC). The results indicate that all measured PAH values in both sediment and seawater are below the reference threshold values for environmental concern. PAH compounds in sediment samples decreased with distance from the wreck and exhibited pyrogenic signatures characteristic of burned oil. Heavy metals also show a decreasing trend from the shipwreck, with copper and zinc above threshold levels, but lower than probable effect levels. Cadmium and lead are below the threshold levels at all sampling stations. The findings suggest that there has been ongoing natural breakdown of leaked oil during the 80years since the attack, and therefore, the proposed fish farming operations in Seydisfjordur would not be adversely affected by contamination from the El Grillo shipwreck.

Bioturbating animals move around large amounts of sediment, changing its physicochemical properties and biogeochemical processes. The present study assessed the role of the ghost shrimp Lepidophthalmus louisianensis, a major coastal bioturbator in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, in the fate of crude oil after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout. Experiments were conducted in greenhouse mesocosms, with or without ghost shrimp and with or without added oil, reflecting mild surface or subsurface oiling in a beach environment. To evaluate the hydrocarbon-degradation potential of the sediment microbial community, a respirometric radiotracer assay was conducted with 14C naphthalene as a model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound. Oil augmentation led to a substantial increase in the PAH degradation potential of mesocosm sediments, which was further enhanced by the presence of the bioturbator. However, bioturbation alone, without previous oil exposure, did not enhance naphthalene degradation. 16S rRNA gene analyses showed that there were no significant changes in the microbial community composition associated with either bioturbation, oil augmentation, or both. This study demonstrated bioturbation- and oil-exposure-related enhancement in hydrocarbon degradation in mildly oiled sediment, and indicated that this may be due to an increased expression of PAH degrading activities in the preexisting community of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria rather than resulting from a shift in the microbial community composition.

Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are recognized for their carcinogenic, teratogenic, and genotoxic properties, there is a lack of scientific evidence detailing impact of in-utero exposure to PAHs on adverse birth outcomes. Present study is planned to fill this research gap by investigating placental levels of 16 USEPA Priority PAHs and associated health risks for infants. Placental tissue samples were collected from 200 pregnant population and infant anthropometric measures like birth height, weight and head circumference were collected from pediatrician records. Benzo(a)pyrene (23%) and Chrysene (16%) were two major PAHs detected in collected samples with dominance of high molecular weight PAHs compounds in compare to that of low molecular weight ones. In addition, all 16 PAHs were recorded higher (significantly higher levels of chrysene and benzo(k)fluoranthene) in placental tissues of mothers delivering low birth weight infants (<2500 g) than normal birth weight infants (≥2500 g). Results of multivariable regression analysis indicated inverse association between PAHs and birth height, weight, head circumference while positive association with cephalization index (p < 0.05). None of PAHs was found to be affecting ponderal index of infants. These results collectively imply that exposure to PAHs from environment is linked to inadequate fetal development and provide foundation for future studies exploring potential biological mechanisms by which PAHs mediate affect on infants’ anthropometric measures.

Content and Bioaccessibility Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Aquatic Products: Effects of Cooking Methods on PAHs.

Depending on the use of electrocautery device in surgical procedures, the distribution of small particles oath the formation of surgery smoke occurs. Surgical smoke is as mutagenic as cigarette smoke oath contains many harmful oath carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. of addition, viruses, bacteria oath live cells can be released during electrocauterization of tissues oath carried by surgical smoke. Inhalation of this smoke by the operating theater staff poses a danger. Despite the use of surgery masks oath operating theater ventilation, this danger is not completely eliminated. therefore, additional measurements oath safety measures are needed _ Of the COVID-19 pandemic, the risk of transmission from surgical smoke increases during the surgical processes of patients carrying this virus. There is the same risk in terms of similar airborne diseases of this study, it was investigated whether the surgical smoke generated due to cauterization used during the procedure in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and going through surgical procedures contains COVID-19 virus RNA fragments (RTqPCR) and the chemicals contents of the surgical smoke were investigated by GC-MS.

The effects of commonly used water disinfection techniques-namely chlorination, ozonation, and ozone-chlorine combination-on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under various conditions were evaluated. Artificial raw water samples containing different concentrations of Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene were subjected to different disinfection processes, including 5-minute and 8-minute ozonation, 1 mg/L and 2 mg/L chlorination with varying doses and contact times, and ozone treatment followed by chlorination, resulting in a total of eight disinfection scenarios. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was used to analyze PAH compounds. The results indicated that the degradation of PAHs depended on the disinfection technique, compound type, and concentration. Ozonation led to the complete degradation of all PAH compounds (99-100% removal), while chlorination exhibited the highest degradation rate (average of 78%) for Benzo(a)pyrene. However, Benzo(b)fluoranthene was not affected by chlorine. The other PAH compounds showed degradation rates ranging from 15.8% to 30.3% during 2 mg/L chlorination. Furthermore, the disinfection efficacy of the methods was assessed, and it was found that all tested treatments eliminated Escherichia coli.

The present study examines the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rainwater from heavily trafficked street surfaces, determines their sources, and assesses ecological risk. PAHs were present in all rainwater samples, and their concentration range was 19.961 to 78.90 μg/L. Relatively high concentration of carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene in surface water samples was found. The main PAH compounds in this study were 2-ring, 3-ring, and 4-ring PAHs. Low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (2-3 rings) accounted for 30-65% of all PAHs. while high-molecular-weight PAHs (4,5,6 rings) accounted for 13-37.3%. Overall, LMW PAHs were dominant. The origin of PAHs in the studied samples of both types of water was mixed with a predominance of pyrogenic origin from the combustion of liquid fuels. On the basis of risk analysis, the study confirmed that the presence of micropollutants in stormwater effluent can pose a serious threat to environmental safety. The risk analysis also confirmed that runoff can significantly affect the quality of receiving waters and environmental safety. • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in rainwater constitute a significant ecological concern, particularly with regard to their potential impact on aquatic ecosystems. • The analysis of rainwater and river samples revealed that the predominant source of PAHs was pyrogenic. • The presence of PAHs in stormwater runoff has the potential to pose a serious threat to the safety of the aquatic environment. • Runoff has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the quality of receiving waters and the safety of the environment.

Introduction: Emissions from cooking activities are among the major sources of indoor and ambient air pollution. Materials and methods: This experimental research aims to explore the levels of 16 gaseous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during calf meat frying in laboratory, utilizing different frying temperatures (i.e 150, 190, and 240 °C) and oils (non-frying oil and, frying oil). Furthermore, non-cancer and cancer risks were also assessed. For the purpose of the study, 36 air samples were taken during meat frying and analyzed by a Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Agilent GC8890, USA) equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) for 16 PAH compounds. Results: The concentration of ∑16PAHs during meat frying using sunflower oil and frying oil use varied from 5.037-10.025 µg/m3 and 3.978-8.075 µg/ m3, respectively. Hazard Quotients (HQs) associated with PAHs exposure during meat frying using frying oil for cooks, adults and children were in the range of 0.440-1.338 (0.769), 0.503-1.527 (0.879) and 0.504-1.531 (0.881), respectively. For frying oil, HQ values were in the ranges of 0.32-1.19 (0.69), 0.37-1.36 (0.79), and 0.37-1.36 (0.79) for cooks, adults, and children, respectively. The inhalation cancer risk values through exposure to meat using sunflower oil for cooks, adults and children were 1.4E-04-4.2E-04 (2.4E-04), 2.8E-05-8.6E-05 (4.9E-05), and 7.7E-06-2.3E-05 (1.3E-05), respectively. For frying oil, the cancer risk values were as: 1.0E-04-3.7E-04 (2.2E-04) for cooks, 2.1E-05-7.6E-05 (4.4E-05) for adults and 5.63E-06-2.08E-05 (1.2E- 05) for children. Conclusion: This study showed high levels of PAHs during meat frying indicating health risks for children and adults. The research’s results have practical use for public health professionals and policy makers, for regular monitoring of indoor PAHs during cooking and the development of policies to reduce exposure to these air pollutants in enclosed spaces.

ABSTRACT As the wetland ecosystem is a potential sink of plastics pieces, the photodegradation of microplastics could be boosted by iron(hydr) oxides, which considered as the Fenton or Fenton-like reactions induced. However, the pathways and internal mechanisms by which iron(hydr) oxides enhanced the ultraviolet degradation of plastics in the wetlands remain unclear. Therefore, the degradation of polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) under ultraviolet light (365 nm) was studied in the UV Fenton and simulated micro wetlands. Results showed that UV irradiation caused notable changes in the surface morphology of plastics. Fenton reaction led to more significant, and generated oxygen-containing functional groups such as C = O. The weight loss rate of PS reached 28.3 ± 6.64%, while PVC reached 35.6 ± 1.52%, significantly surpassing the individual conditions of UV light at 20.3 ± 1.66% and 20.98 ± 8.48%, respectively. The mechanism of •OH in the process of plastic degradation was elucidated, while analysis of the degradation products was conducted. The potential risks for the UV degradation of PS and PVC were explored in constructed wetlands by detecting the changes of microbes. After preliminary aging, microbial activity associated with the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds produced during plastic degradation is enhanced. Therefore, there may exist microbial communities in wetland ecosystems that are capable of degrading plastic. This study supported a hypothesis that the goethite/haematite Microcosm Constructed Wetlands (MCWs) would be efficiency for the degradation of plastic. It would be proved further and the organic carbon releasing during the plastic degradation should also be focused on.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) honey is a popular monofloral honey produced in Poland and is often suspected of pesticide-residue contamination due to the extensive use of pesticides in oilseed rape cultivation. Moreover, because of the presence of fatty acids, it can absorb hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that occur as environmental pollutants. Thus, the aim of the study was to assess the safety of rapeseed honey in terms of pesticide residues and PAHs contamination in relation to its functional properties, including antioxidant properties, polyphenol profile, protein content, and enzymatic activity. Local honey samples originating from Lublin (five) and Podkarpackie (five) Voivodeships were compared with five samples purchased from commercial sources. None of 58 pesticides, including carbamates, organophosphorus, organochlorines, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids, were detected in the tested honey samples. All samples were also completely free of four major harmful PAHs legally limited in food (benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene). Among other PAH compounds, seven were detected accidentally in samples of various origins. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity determined by DPPH•, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays were relatively uniform among the groups studied. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) revealed characteristic fingerprints including kaempferol, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid, providing a specific profile that can be considered a marker of rapeseed honey authenticity and used to detect adulteration. Protein content ranged from 18 to 85 mg/100 g, remaining within the range typical for light honeys, while α-glucosidase activity was significantly reduced in commercial products, reflecting the effects of processing and storage. The study confirmed the high functional value and safety of rapeseed honey offered on the South-Eastern Poland market, which confirm the cleanliness of the bees’ habitat in terms of pesticide residues and PAHs pollution. Nevertheless, regular monitoring of pesticide residues and PAHs in honeys from agricultural areas remains advisable.

Consumer health risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in the Ecuadorian red mangrove crab.

Assessing ecological and health risks of PAH compounds in Anzali Wetland: A weight of evidence perspective.