Panel Discussion Research Articles

Application of the panel meeting-discussion method in decision-making within health establishments: Case of the General Reference Hospital of Makiso/Kisangani

Introduction: The study focused on the application of the Panel Meeting-Discussion Method in decision-making within health establishments: case of the General Reference Hospital of Makiso/Kisangani. The study aimed to observe the application of the Panel meeting-discussion method in making decisions on the organization of health establishments; and to identify the disadvantage of the non-application of Panel meetings and discussions. Methodology: Our study is descriptive with a cross-sectional aim, conducted at the General Reference Hospital of Makiso/Kisangani and based on the questionnaire and participatory observation, which concerned 35 agents present at the time of the survey. Results: Panel discussions are not regularly held at the General Reference Hospital of Makiso/Kisangani 20(27.1%) and the absence of unity of command 14(40.0%) is the main disadvantage of the non-holding of Panel discussion meetings. Conclusion: For harmonious functioning, it is therefore appropriate for the management of this hospital to be able to regularly organize Panel meetings with a view to resolving the various problems linked to the organization of the hospital.

A mixed-methods review and adaptation of a novel clinical pharmacy tool: The MA2VER2ICK Tool Study

Abstract Introduction The MA2VER2ICK Tool[1] (see Figure 1) is a clinical pharmacy mnemonic developed in 2016 by the pharmacy department of Tallaght University Hospital, through a combination of literature searching and local expert consensus opinion. The intended purpose of the tool was to guide clinical pharmacists in pharmaceutical care planning. Since inception, the tool has not been formally evaluated. Locally, users report the tool as useful; although, there is scope for improvement, to better support clinical pharmacists. Aim Identify and gain consensus on suggestions to adapt the existing tool. Methods A two-stage mixed-methods approach was adopted. This comprised focus groups to facilitate idea generation and appraise contents of the existing tool, followed by a nominal group technique process[2] to agree the content and structure of the final tool. A purposive sample of clinical pharmacists were selected to participate in the focus groups and nominal group technique panel, based on responses to a screening questionnaire pre-circulated to all clinical pharmacists employed at the study site. Thematic analysis of the focus group transcripts was conducted by two independent researchers, with key themes and related recommendations to improve the tool identified. These recommendations were presented to the nominal group technique panel via an anonymous survey, where numerical rating scores were assigned over two rounds, with an intervening panel discussion. An increase in the mean rating score and convergence of the standard deviation indicated consensus for a recommendation. Results Two focus groups (5 participants each) of 45 minutes duration took place. Both focus groups resulted in similar findings, with seven major themes identified relating to adapting the tool. Overall, eight recommendations were formulated, with suggestions to adapt the content, structure, usability and application of the tool. Consensus agreement was reached on seven recommendations, each receiving a panel rating score > 90%. One recommendation was rejected, receiving a panel rating score < 30%. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the MA2VER2ICK Tool is a comprehensive clinical pharmacy resource. Few amendments were required to the original tool, indicating user satisfaction with and the utility of the tool, together with a high degree of consensus for the adaptations made. VTE: venous thromboembolism; Rx: prescription; CRP: C-reactive protein.

Harnessing Blockchain to Transform Healthcare Data Management

The proper management of healthcare data is a complex endeavor that needs to balance the requirements and interests of many stakeholders. Previous research has identified and detailed many innovative blockchain-based use cases, but the current state of healthcare data management is still far from perfect. In this paper we present the findings from a panel discussion with healthcare professionals, who elaborate on the current situation in healthcare data management as well as the future role that blockchain can play in this sector. Based on the findings of this panel, we structure the research field of healthcare data management in a comprehensive framework and provide numerous avenues for future research. The outcome is a framework that highlights the important role of patients and their sensitive data, structured into several areas. From a patients’ perspective, we specifically elaborate on trust and privacy as well as the expected benefits. Additionally, four important data properties are identified: integrity, security, sharing and transfer, and interoperability. We outline the importance of the respective areas and derive several timely and important research questions that form the foundation of a future research agenda for blockchain-driven innovation in healthcare data management.

Children's experiences during their first dental visit: A qualitative study.

While the child's first dental visit can shape his/her attitude towards further treatments, little consideration has been given to exploring this experience from the child's perspective. Therefore, the aim of the study was to delineate the experiences of the first dental visit of children based on self-written stories in their own words. Qualitative study conducted as part of the oral health promoting school program in Isfahan city, Iran. Data collection was based on the responses to a question included in the programme's printed educational content. Schoolchildren were asked to explain about their experiences of their first dental visit in a story. Two researchers read the stories separately and identified concepts and themes. In a discussion panel gained consensus about the main themes. Then the researchers integrated and grouped together similar themes to new categories. Categories originating in the data provided insights into and explanations of factors that might influence the schoolchildren's experience in the dental office. Sampling continued until saturation, when no new codes appeared in the data. The childrens' stories were imported in the MAXQD software and analyzed to retrieve the main categories and themes. Factors that influenced experiences appeared to be idiosyncratic, but could be classified into three categories: the person accompanying the child, child and dentist-related factors. Two sub-categories of the person accompanying the child were the role of person in their treatment and the types of persons accompanying them. Dentist-related factors included three more sub-themes of applied behavioral management techniques, their role in oral health education, and organization of the office environment. The three sub-themes of children's related factors were experiencing fear, remembering the details of their experience, and type of care received. Although the method was limited to the qualitative written stories of children and there was no opportunity to explore more and consider the detailed opinions by face-to-face interviews, some noticeable elements were mentioned by children. The person accompanying the child, child and dentist-related factors were three main categories obtained from the data.

Ukrainian healthcare providers under siege during the first year of war: challenges and adaptations.

The overlapping COVID-19 crisis and the war starting in 2022 threaten front-line healthcare workers' mental health, well-being and job retention in Ukraine. This paper provides a synopsis of a panel discussion held by the Global Mental Health Humanitarian Coalition in May 2022 and expert consultations with clinicians between December 2022 and February 2023 on these challenges. The crises created new problems and exacerbated many pre-existing difficulties. We found that healthcare workers had needed to mobilise previously untapped strengths, including portable emergency medical documents and bespoke local psychosocial support services, amid the costs and pressures of ongoing healthcare reforms.

Evaluator's alignment as an important indicator of adequacy of the criteria and assessment procedure for recognizing the good practice in public health.

Public health interventions aim to reduce the burden of chronic non-communicable diseases. Implementing evidence-based interventions that are proven to be successful and effective is widely recognized as the best approach to addressing public health challenges. To avoid the development and implementation of less effective or successful or even harmful practices, clear criteria for the assessment of practices, that consider different dimensions of the interventions in public health, are needed. The main aim of the research was to test our Criteria and assessment procedure for recognizing good practices in the field of public health by estimating the consistency between the evaluators and thereby gaining insight into the adequacy and reliability of the criteria as well as to check how the evaluators understand the criteria and methodology and if it is properly used in assessing the interventions. The assessment of the interventions took place from 2021 to 2022. The individual evaluator's scores on the scale from 1 to 5 for each specific sub-criterion were collected, which was followed by a panel discussion to reach a final score for each sub-criterion. The inter-rater agreement was measured using percent overall agreement and Fleiss' kappa coefficient. We found moderate inter-rater agreement on the level of the assessment criteria group. The lowest agreement was observed for the effectiveness and efficiency sub-criteria group, which also received the lowest scores from the evaluators. Challenges identified with the scoring process were due to the descriptive 1 to 5 scale and the varying specificity of the criteria. The results showed that studying consistency between evaluators can highlight areas for improvement or adjustment in the assessment criteria and enhance the quality of the assessment instrument. Therefore, such analysis would be useful part of both newly and well-established health promotion and prevention program registries.

Exploring the relationship between student green engagement and entrepreneurial behavior: a serial mediation approach

Purpose This study aims to emphasize the youth community’s importance in sustaining green entrepreneurial efforts. The study used the stimulus organism response framework as the theoretical base using two separate studies. Design/methodology/approach Study 1 commences the development of the student green engagement construct through a focus group, panel discussion and exploratory factor analysis, which supported five items. Study 2 measures the relationship of student green engagement with green entrepreneurial intention by mediating university entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial motivation. Data from 448 students were gathered from five Malaysian private institutions using a purposive sampling technique. Findings Findings indicate a robust association of student green engagement (stimuli) with green entrepreneurial intention (organism). Furthermore, mediation analysis shows strong mediating effects of university entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial motivation on green entrepreneurship behavior (response). Originality/value The study’s findings can help the universities and concerned governmental departments instill a sense of sustainable entrepreneurship in university students.

Consumer Preferences for a Healthcare Appointment Reminder in Australia: A Discrete Choice Experiment.

It is essential to consider the evidence of consumer preferences and their specific needs when determining which strategies to use to improve patient attendance at scheduled healthcare appointments. This study aimed to identify key attributes and elicit healthcare consumer preferences for a healthcare appointment reminder system. A discrete choice experiment was conducted in a general Australian population sample. The respondents were asked to choose between three options: their preferred reminder (A or B) or a 'neither' option. Attributes were developed through a literature review and an expert panel discussion. Reminder options were defined by four attributes: modality, timing, content and interactivity. Multinomial logit and mixed multinomial logit models were estimated to approximate individual preferences for these attributes. A scenario analysis was performed to estimate the likelihood of choosing different reminder systems. Respondents (n = 361) indicated a significant preference for an appointment reminder to be delivered via a text message (β = 2.42, p < 0.001) less than 3 days before the appointment (β = 0.99, p < 0.001), with basic details including the appointment cost (β = 0.13, p < 0.10), and where there is the ability to cancel or modify the appointment (β = 1.36, p < 0.001). A scenario analysis showed that the likelihood of choosing an appointment reminder system with these characteristics would be 97%. Our findings provide evidence on how healthcare consumers trade-off between different characteristics of reminder systems, which may be valuable to inform current or future systems. Future studies may focus on exploring the effectiveness of using patient-preferred reminders alongside other mitigation strategies used by providers.

Leveraging Modeling and Simulation to Enhance the Efficiency of Bioequivalence Approaches for Generic Drugs: Highlights from the 2023 Generic Drug Science and Research Initiatives Public Workshop.

The 2023 Generic Drug Science and Research Initiative Public Workshop organized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) discussed the research needs to improve and enhance bioequivalence (BE) approaches for generic drug development. FDA takes such research needs and panel discussions into account to develop its Generic Drug User Fee Amendments III (GDUFA III) Science and Research Initiatives specific to generics. During the five workshop sessions, presentations and panel discussions focused on identifying and addressing scientific gaps and research needs related to nitrosamine impurity issues, BE assessment for oral products, innovative BE approaches for long-acting injectable products, alternative BE approaches for orally inhaled products, and advanced BE methods for topical products. Specifically, this report highlights the discussions on how to improve BE assessment for developing generic drug products based on research priorities for leveraging quantitative methods and modeling, as well as artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML).

Practical Applications of Advances in Machine Learning Approaches for Financial Decision Making and Time-Series Analysis: A Panel Discussion

Practical Applications of Advances in Machine Learning Approaches for Financial Decision Making and Time-Series Analysis: A Panel Discussion

A systematic review of the prevalence of burnout in orthopaedic surgeons.

Professional burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and low sense of personal achievement related to the workplace. Orthopaedic surgeons train and practise in highly demanding environments. Understanding up-to-date trends in burnout, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic, is vital. For this reason, we carried out a systematic review on this topic. A scoping literature review of two databases was conducted. Two authors independently screened articles and conflicts were resolved by panel discussion. Articles pertaining to orthopaedic surgeons that used validated scales and were peer reviewed research were included. Non-English or abstract-only results were excluded. A total of 664 papers were identified in the literature search and 34 were included in the qualitative review. Among 8,471 orthopaedic surgeons, the mean burnout prevalence was 48.9%. The wide range in rate of burnout between the studies (15-90.4%) reflected the variety in setting, subspecialty and surgeon grade. Common protective factors comprised dedicated mentorship, surgeon seniority, sufficient exercise and family support. Substance abuse, malpractice claims, financial stress and onerous on-call responsibilities were risk factors. Burnout prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic was not noticeably different; there were a number of pandemic-associated risk and protective factors. Nearly one in two orthopaedic surgeons are burnt out. There is a paucity of data on the short and long-term impact of COVID-19 on burnout. Burnout has deep organisational, personal and clinical implications. Targeted organisational interventions are required to prevent burnout from irrevocably damaging the future of orthopaedic surgery.

Prostate Cancer, Version 3.2024.

The NCCN Guidelines for Prostate Cancer include recommendations for staging and risk assessment after a prostate cancer diagnosis and for the care of patients with localized, regional, recurrent, and metastatic disease. These NCCN Guidelines Insights summarize the panel's discussions for the 2024 update to the guidelines with regard to initial risk stratification, initial management of very-low-risk disease, and the treatment of nonmetastatic recurrence.

Leadership and the Dynamics of Projects: Ray Levitt’s insights on project leadership

Projects operate in dynamic settings, with changing technologies, and they are themselves evolving forms of organizing. This paper contains insights from Ray Levitt, an operating partner at Blackhorn Ventures and an Emeritus Professor at Stanford, where he led the Global Project Center. It is an extracted and edited version of conversation on a panel discussion at the inaugural Project Leadership in a Changing World Symposium in 2021. The main parts unpack how leaders of complex projects, such as those found in civil engineering construction, face challenges in innovating, particularly in incorporating new technologies that are being developed by start-ups; and how the nature of leadership changes across different project stages and relates to notions of agile leadership. The conversation with Ray Levitt provides contributions to the debate on project leadership in a changing world, on 1) the convergence of technologies affecting project leadership; 2) the importance of success criteria; 3) the changing nature of project leadership through the lifecycle; 4) agile leadership, and 5) the political skills and sensitivities to get project started. These insights can be built on by used by project scholars interested in project leadership in a changing world. In the final section we discuss how they might provoke new research on the leadership and digital innovation in an age of AI and on temporal understandings of project leadership and its discontents in a changing world.

276 Full Spectrum Town Hall Meetings - Advancing Clinician-Patient-Researcher Engagement for Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS)

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Full Spectrum Town Halls (FSTH) were organized to bring together patients, scientists, clinicians, advocates and others interested in Hidradenitis Suppurative (HS) – stakeholders across the spectrum of translational research – to infuse patient experiences and voices into designing HS research METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Rockefeller University (RU), Clinical Directors Network (CDN), and the HS Foundation organized three hybrid in-person/online HS FSTHs (2018-2023). The 2018 event focused on patients, describing the current state of HS knowledge and new research into HS biology (T2, T3). Patients shared lived experiences in testimonials and a panel discussion. Advocates described community and mental health resources (T4). The 2021 event returned research results (T2, T3) to the community and updates about treatments in the pipeline (T4). The 2023 FSTH targeted clinicians (T4) addressing a critical translational gap in HS care and presenting best practices in diagnosis, surgical, and medical treatments. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Impact on science: FSTH attendees joined a Community Engagement Studio providing feedback used to refine study variables/procedures. Attendees joined research studies that advanced understanding HS mechanisms of disease, clinical course and treatment.Impact on patient experience: Participants appreciated having a forum to hear/share experiences of shame, mistrust, misdiagnosis and hope. Feedback improved practices for privacy, consenting, and returning study results. Impact on clinical practice and care: FSTH raised awareness of stigma, need for respect and empathy, and advanced learning about in disease mechanisms, effective biologics, importance of epithelial tunnels and surgical care. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: HS is a stigmatizing, poorly understood disease. FSTHs fostered bidirectional learning among scientists, clinicians, patients and other stakeholders. Patients engaged with researchers to improve research design and participate in mechanistic and therapeutic clinical research, advancing the field.

156 Art as a Multiplier of Science Communication

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Scientists are increasingly confronted with 'science critical' #_msocom_1 belief systems. The politicization of science fuels hesitancy towards evidence-based therapies. To overcome these barriers, we aim to devise strategies to communicate clinical translational science (CTS) through art. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A two-year pilot artist-in-residency (AIR) program embedded in the Translational Research Immersion Program (TRIP). Since 2009, TRIP contributes to CTS Workforce Development (WD) through a 10-week mentored, curriculum-rich summer undergraduate research experience. Students are recruited from 5 regional institutions, 6 HBCUs, and the University of Puerto Rico. AIR is composed of 3 phases: the “Immersive Phase” where the artist gains intensive exposure to the scientific process through the lived experience of TRIP students, the “Productive Phase” where the artist conceptualizes the process of CTS into works of art, and the “Engagement Phase” where the CTS workforce, artists, and community members coalesce around science-to-art materializations. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In 2022 &amp; 2023 the AIR participated in ~35hrs of CTS research seminars, panel discussions, and professional skills workshops. Additional TRIP student-AIR interaction occurred in focus groups including visits to mentor’s labs. An AIR-led workshop culminated in an Empowering CTS Communication event where TRIP students engaged with community members through elevator pitches of their CTS summer project on a speed-rotating basis. A month-long art-CTS exhibition planned for 3/2024 will feature contributions from AIR, TRIP students, and ITMAT community members. Qualitative insights were that TRIP is an effective art-science incubator, students strengthened their CTS communication skills, art functions as an icebreaker between science and communities with an ocean of opportunities for science education. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: AIR embedded into existing CTS WD programs is proposed as creative approach to strengthen the reputation of science in the public. CTS-informed art functions as connective tissue between public and CTS workforce. The hands-on experience to adopt art as a science communication tool is a powerful soft skill for the next generation of CTS investigators.

How Do Bigger and Smaller Cities Manage Migration? Ukrainian War Refugees in Polish Cities

How Do Bigger and Smaller Cities Manage Migration? Ukrainian War Refugees in Polish Cities

553 Creating an In-Person Workshop Series Addressing Core Team Science Principles for Early Career Investigators

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: A barrier to the proliferation of team science is that academicians are often trained in disciplinary silos where “independent” research contributions are lauded. To tackle some of the most pressing scientific challenges, dismantling silos and increasing team science training efforts that focus on early career investigators is a must. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A team science training workshop for early career investigators from varied disciplinary backgrounds was informed by a 20-item needs assessment that addressed essential team science competencies and was completed by early career investigators participating in federally funded professional development programs on our campus. During the workshop, the benefits of cross-disciplinary teaming was discussed. Strategies including team formation, team effectiveness and/or dysfunction, diagnosing team strengths and weaknesses, and teaming in community settings were discussed. Instructional methods included short presentations, video clips, case studies, group discussions, pair and share activities, and panel discussions with expert role models encouraged active learning. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The impact and value of the workshop series to participant’s professional development and knowledge of team science concepts will be evaluated before and after the workshop. Multiple Likert-scale items focused on team science competencies (e.g., confidence in your ability to carry out responsibilities specific to your role on a team, recognize when the team is not functioning well; engage team science practices in on-going research), and open-ended questions (e.g., importance of engaging community partners in academic research teams, vision of what factors contribute to an effective team science collaboration) will be completed by program participants before and after completing the workshop. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Effective collaboration among scientists with expertise in different disciplines is needed to address and solve complex scientific problems. We believe our interactive approach to team competency training sessions would work in a variety of settings and improve team skills.

An Acid Test for Spacing Decisions Complete 44 Wells With 129 Miles of Laterals on a 3×2-Mile Lease in the Midland Basin

ConocoPhillips has an increasingly rare opportunity in the Permian—6 square miles of land over multiple layers of prime, undeveloped shale. The scale of this Midland Basin project is huge—44 wells with laterals running the 3-mile length of the lease—as is the company’s patience. Last fall, when a ConocoPhillips panel described the megaproject at the SPE Permian Basin Energy Conference in Midland, they said they were about 70% done with drilling. Fracturing would begin as drilling was ending and would take about 8 months to complete. Only then would the wells in this geologic tank go into production, limiting any interactions with older wells inside the lease lines. However, outside that boundary there are older wells that could interact. Brady Kolb, a staff geologist for ConocoPhillips who led off the panel discussion, explained, “All the zones communicate in some shape or form, so we take the whole tank and deliver it at the same time to maximize resource capture.” The gains come from avoiding harmful interactions with older wells and the depleted zones they create, as well as the rock left undeveloped to create wide buffer zones around parents. In addition, they are deploying innovative technology to reduce fuel costs and emissions, from grid power for two of its five drilling rigs to processing field gas to create the rich gas needed to run fracturing equipment. And they are using the flood of data gathered while drilling to continuously improve work on later wells. On one level, it will certainly succeed. ConocoPhillips needed to begin drilling to hold on to a valuable lease with prime targets in the Wolfcamp and Spraberry formations. “We had a pretty significant drilling obligation on the ranch and had to drill quite a few wells,” said Carl Warren, a senior reservoir engineer for ConocoPhillips, during the Permian conference panel discussion. For ConocoPhillips this is a high-profile example of its approach to maximizing the value of its shale development with longer laterals and graduating all the wells to production at about the same time, also known as “co-development.” “Co-development allows us to minimize the parent-child impacts while improving recovery, as well as capital efficiency. And we’ve demonstrated over the past 4 years, both in the Midland Basin as well as the Delaware Basin, improved performance there,” said Nick Olds, executive vice president Lower 48 for Conoco Phillips during an earnings call last November. ConocoPhillips will complete 129 miles of laterals in a zone that covers 1,300 ft of rock (8,500 to 9,800-ft total vertical depth) within the 3×2-mile area to test what it has learned about placing wells and to maximize the return on investment. Those with long memories are likely to remember past efforts at mass development, known as cube or tank developments. Those were examples of a good concept undermined by a blunder—those pioneers crammed far too many closely spaced horizontal wells into a formation.

272 Engaging Michigan’s Rural, Upper Peninsula Community in Translational Science to Advance Community Engagement Among Nonprofits

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The Michigan Institute for Clinical &amp; Health Research (MICHR) Community Engagement (CE) Program fosters translational science and community-engaged research (CenR) through education, connecting, supporting, and funding efforts and opportunities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, CE partnered with the Michigan Health Endowment Fund to develop a 3-hour workshop that consisted of a panel discussion on best practices of community engagement and a presentation on community engaged nonprofit management. The workshop was designed from mapping 60 participants’ pre-workshop survey findings and reviewing themes from a planning meeting transcript with six community partners. Key themes that emerged included participatory budgeting, collaborative governance, communications, and community planning. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A mix methods post-workshop evaluation feedback survey was completed. The 9-item survey assessed workshop content, satisfaction, and knowledge gained using a Likert scale as well as opened questions about key takeaway and value added. Quantitative results to be analyzed. Qualitatively, some participants described the workshop as helpful and thoughtful about how to strengthen community engagement within their organizations. Others expressed a desire for more time. Regarding impact, CE received an uptake in consultations and inquiries into statewide pilot grants. The workshop facilitated new collaborations with philanthropic and community organizations serving the Upper Peninsula. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Lessons learned highlight trust, understanding community culture, and moving slowly in a newly formed collaboration. The approach utilized in the Upper Peninsula can inform translational methods for additional partnerships underway across the state of Michigan.

Expert Perspectives on Controversies in Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer Management: Narrative Review and Report of the First US Prostate Cancer Conference Part 1

Purpose: Castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) is a complex and heterogeneous condition encompassing a range of clinical presentations. As new approaches have expanded management options, clinicians are left with myriad questions and controversies regarding the optimal individualized management of CSPC. Materials and Methods: The US Prostate Cancer Conference (USPCC) multidisciplinary panel was assembled to address the challenges of prostate cancer management. The first annual USPCC meeting included experts in urology, medical oncology, radiation oncology, and nuclear medicine. USPCC co-chairs and session moderators identified key areas of controversy and uncertainty in prostate cancer management and organized the sessions with multidisciplinary presentations and discussion. Throughout the meeting, experts responded to questions prepared by chairs and moderators to identify areas of agreement and controversy. Results: The USPCC panel discussion and question responses for CSPC-related topics are presented. Key advances in CSPC management endorsed by USPCC experts included the development and clinical utilization of gene expression classifiers and artificial intelligence (AI) models for risk stratification and treatment selection in specific patient populations, the use of advanced imaging modalities in patients with clinically localized unfavorable intermediate or high-risk disease and those with biochemical recurrence, recommendations of doublet or triplet therapy for metastatic CSPC (mCSPC), and consideration of prostate and/or metastasis-directed radiation therapy in select patients with mCSPC. Conclusions: CSPC is a diverse disease with many therapeutic options and the potential for adverse outcomes associated with either undertreatment or overtreatment. Future studies are needed to validate and clinically integrate novel technologies, including genomics, AI, and advanced imaging, to optimize outcomes among patients with CSPC.