Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Research Articles

PSVI-5 Extruded blend of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae and flaxseed and its effects on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion

Abstract Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients for mammals, and are required for cellular growth and synthesis of numerous cellular signaling molecules. NBO3 Technologies, LLC (Manhattan, KS) has developed an omega-3 supplement consisting of an extruded blend of flaxseed and Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae (GreatOplus; GOP). Our objective was to evaluate effects of GOP on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake (WI), ruminal metabolism, and apparent total tract nutrient disappearance in cannulated Holstein steers (n = 11; initial body weight 586.4 ± 49.7 kg). Treatments consisted of backgrounding diets (40% roughage, 60% concentrate) containing 0% (CON) or 10% GOP (dry basis). Feed and water intake were recorded using an Insentec Roughage and Water monitoring system (Hokofarm Group; Emmeloord, The Netherlands). Steers were utilized in a cross-over design with two 19-d periods. Each period consisted of a 15-d adaptation phase and a 4-d collection phase. Ruminal contents, duodenal digesta, and feces were collected at 8-h intervals for 4 d starting at 1000 h on d 16. The sampling schedule was advanced by 2 h with each subsequent sampling day, thus generating a 24-h profile at 2-h intervals post-feeding over the 4-d sampling phase. Titanium dioxide (15 g) was dispensed directly into the rumen of each steer 15 min before feeding and to estimate apparent ruminal flow and fecal excretion of nutrients. There was a Treatment X Day interaction for DMI (P < 0.001); DMI was greater for steers fed GOP some of the days during the adaptation phase compared with steers fed the control diet, but intakes were similar during the collection phase. Ruminal fluid pH, ruminal ammonia concentration, and WI were not affected by treatment (P > 0.10). As expected, ruminal outflows of total fatty acids (195.6 vs 338.1 g/d for CON and GOP, respectively) and α-linolenic acid (ALA; 1.6 vs 6.3 g/d, respectively) were greater for steers fed GOP compared with steers fed CON (P < 0.05); however, ruminal disappearance (i.e., biohydrogenation) of ALA was extensive, with only 8% and 4.7% of ALA intake exiting the rumen for CON and GOP, respectively. Apparent total tract digestion of organic matter was not impacted by diet (P > 0.20; 78.1 and 76.8% for CON and GOP, respectively). Supplementing an extruded blend of flaxseed and microalgae can effectively increase the amount of α-linolenic acid available for absorption in the small intestine, but overall recovery of dietary α-linolenic acid is relatively low due to extensive biohydrogenation by microbes within the rumen.

Abstract PO5-14-01: Weight loss and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention in overweight and obese peri- and postmenopausal women with increased breast cancer risk modifies the gut microbiome and is associated with circulating biomarkers

Abstract Background: Obesity-associated gut microbiome dysbiosis is thought to increase risk for postmenopausal breast cancer through alteration of estrogen metabolism and an increase in pro-inflammatory microbe abundance. Many studies have reported an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes phyla ratio as a biomarker of obesity and is associated with adverse metabolic outcomes. Marine omega-3 eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids are thought to have favorable metabolic and inflammation resolving properties resulting in reduced risk for several epithelial cancers. One possible mechanism is the effect of EPA and DHA on the gut microbiome. We assessed the effect of weight loss and/or omega-3 supplementation on the gut microbiome and circulating molecular breast cancer risk factors. Methods: 46 peri/postmenopausal overweight and obese women at increased risk for breast cancer were enrolled into a weight-loss intervention and after 2 weeks randomized to 3.25 g/day combined EPA and DHA or placebo (PMC8416797). Fecal samples were collected at 0, 2-weeks and 6-months, with matched fecal samples for all timepoints available for 26 patients. Fecal samples at 6-months were available for 34 patients. 12M read depth metagenomic sequencing was performed on DNA isolated from feces to determine shifts in the gut microbiome. Fasting and non-fasting blood was also collected for circulating biomarker analysis. Body composition by DXA scan were also performed at baseline and 6-month time points. Results: Mean baseline BMI was 32 kg/m2. There was no significant difference between arms in age, baseline BMI, % body fat, or baseline Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. We identified gut microbiota species (A. hadrus and P. faecium) that correlated with metabolic parameters (% body fat, adiponectin/leptin ratio, and fasting insulin), species (P. dorei and B. ovatus) that correlated with estradiol levels, and mucin-degrading species (D. formicigenerans and R. gnavus) whose abundance correlated with inflammation (as measured by circulating monocyte-chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)). Median 6-month weight change for all randomized subjects was -10% from baseline. Favorable change in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was associated both with the degree of weight loss and with omega-3 supplementation, although significant species modification differed between weight loss and omega-3 PUFA groups. Women with both >10% weight loss and omega-3 supplementation had a significantly reduced Firmicutes abundance and lower Firmicute/Bacteroidetes ratio than other groups. Species abundance shifts appear to differ between weight loss and omega-3 supplementation with 3 species modified by weight loss and 12 species shifted by omega-3 PUFA administration. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation significantly reduced proportional abundance of Dorea formicigenerans, which was a microbe associated with inflammation. Conclusions: Omega-3 supplementation at 3.25 g/day compared to placebo had a greater net effect on changing the gut microbiome in overweight and obese women at increased risk for breast cancer undergoing a weight loss intervention. Change in the gut microbiome may serve as a useful response biomarker in Phase II prevention trials of omega-3 fatty acid and weight loss. Citation Format: Katherine L. Cook, Erin Giles, Amy Kreutzjans, Shahid Umar, Christie Befort, Bruce Kimler, Stephen Hursting, Carol Fabian. Weight loss and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention in overweight and obese peri- and postmenopausal women with increased breast cancer risk modifies the gut microbiome and is associated with circulating biomarkers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-14-01.

Omega-3 fatty acids and health of auditory and vestibular systems: a comprehensive review.

The purpose of this study was to comprehensively review animal and human studies that explore the role of omega-3 PUFAs in maintaining the health of the auditory organ across all life stages. This narrative review involved searching Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant articles from December 1980 to July 2023. some animal and human studies suggest that both deficiency and excessive intake of long-chain omega-3 PUFAs, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can lead to auditory neural conduction impairment and reduced hearing acuity from fetal development to old age (presbycusis). These effects are likely to be dependent on the dosage. Some research indicates that an excessive intake of omega-3, rather than a deficiency, can result in nutritional toxicity and hearing impairments. Animal studies highlight the positive impact of omega-3 supplements with high DHA content in addressing hearing damage, but human research on this subject is limited. Furthermore, certain studies propose that omega-3 PUFAs may prevent or delay age-related hearing loss, with high plasma omega-3 concentration, particularly long-chain omega-3 PUFA, linked to reduced hearing loss. Additionally, consuming fish more than twice a week may be associated with a lower risk of hearing loss in adulthood, with these effects potentially influenced by age and gender. However, the majority of studies have been conducted on animals, and clinical trials are scarce. Research on the influence of omega-3 PUFAs on the peripheral and central vestibular systems remains limited. This article delves into the impact of omega-3 on the auditory-vestibular system, exploring its influence on neurodevelopment, protection, and treatment. It not only highlights specific research gaps but also offers valuable insights for potential future studies.

ESPEN Guideline on Nutrition and Hydration in Dementia – Update 2024

Background & aimsDementia is accompanied by a variety of changes that result in an increased risk of malnutrition and low-intake dehydration. This guideline update aims to give evidence-based recommendations for nutritional care of persons with dementia in order to prevent and treat these syndromes. MethodsThe previous guideline version was reviewed and expanded in accordance with the standard operating procedure for ESPEN guidelines. Based on a systematic search in three databases, strength of evidence of appropriate literature was graded by use of the SIGN system. The original recommendations were reviewed and reformulated, and new recommendations were added, which all then underwent a consensus process. Results40 recommendations for nutritional care of older persons with dementia were developed and agreed, seven at institutional level and 33 at individual level. As a prerequisite for good nutritional care, organizations caring for persons with dementia are recommended to employ sufficient qualified staff and offer attractive food and drinks with choice in a functional and appealing environment. Nutritional care should be based on a written care concept with standardized operating procedures. At the individual level, routine screening for malnutrition and dehydration, nutritional assessment and close monitoring are unquestionable. Oral nutrition may be supported by eliminating potential causes of malnutrition and dehydration, and adequate social and nursing support (including assistance, utensils, training and oral care). Oral nutritional supplements are recommended to improve nutritional status but not to correct cognitive impairment or prevent cognitive decline. Routine use of dementia-specific ONS, ketogenic diet, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and appetite stimulating agents is not recommended. Enteral and parenteral nutrition and hydration are temporary options in patients with mild or moderate dementia, but not in severe dementia or in the terminal phase of life. In all stages of the disease, supporting food and drink intake and maintaining or improving nutrition and hydration status requires an individualized, comprehensive approach. Due to a lack of appropriate studies, most recommendations are good practice points. ConclusionNutritional care should be an integral part of dementia management. Numerous interventions are available that should be implemented in daily practice. Future high-quality studies are needed to clarify the evidence.

Interventions to promote medical student well-being: an overview of systematic reviews

ObjectiveTo conduct an overview of systematic reviews that explore the effectiveness of interventions to enhance medical student well-being.DesignOverview of systematic reviews.Data sourcesThe Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, APA PsychInfo,...

Alleviation of the arsenic induced hepatotoxicity in rats by ginger or omega-3: a histological and biochemical study

Background: Millions of individuals worldwide are unintentionally exposed to arsenic through food and water. Arsenic bioaccumulates in the human body and causes organ toxicity, especially hepatotoxicity, through apoptosis, inflammation, and the production of oxidative stress markers.  Aim of the study:  We aimed to determine whether Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or omega-3 could mitigate the hepatotoxicity that rats experienced from long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking water.  Methods: Rats were randomly assigned into four groups (10/group): a control group, an arsenic exposed group (20 mg/kg body weight) only, or an arsenic exposed group in the presence of either Zingiber officinale (12 mg/kg of body weight) or omega-3 (100 mg/kg b.w.) daily for 28 days. We used different biochemical parameters to assess liver functions, such as oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory markers, and histological and immunohistochemical stains.  Results: Arsenic exposure to rats in drinking water results in hepatotoxicity, proved by increased liver enzymes and structural pathological changes in the liver, those mediated by increased oxidative stress, antiapoptotic effects, and inflammatory parameters, while supplementation of either Zingiber officinale or omega-3- to arsenic exposed rats significantly (P < 0.05) improved liver function biomarkers and alleviated oxidative stress induced by arsenic as well as, liver protection as confirmed by our histological and findings.  Conclusion: Ginger or omega-3 are safe and effective antioxidants to ameliorate arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity. Keywords: Arsenic; Oxidation; Inflammation; Ginger; Omega-3.

Nutraceuticals in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Correct nutrition and diet are directly correlated with mental health, functions of the immune system, and gut microbiota composition. Diets with a high content of some nutrients, such as fibers, phytochemicals, and short-chain fatty acids (omega-3 fatty acids), seem to have an anti-inflammatory and protective action on the nervous system. Among nutraceuticals, supplementation of probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids plays a role in improving symptoms of several mental disorders. In this review, we collect data on the efficacy of nutraceuticals in patients with schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, major depression, bipolar disorder, and personality disorders. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of recent evidence obtained on this topic, pointing out the direction for future research.

Personal Strategies to Reduce the Cardiovascular Impacts of Environmental Exposures.

Ubiquitous environmental exposures increase cardiovascular disease risk via diverse mechanisms. This review examines personal strategies to minimize this risk. With regard to fine particulate air pollution exposure, evidence exists to recommend the use of portable air cleaners and avoidance of outdoor activity during periods of poor air quality. Other evidence may support physical activity, dietary modification, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, and indoor and in-vehicle air conditioning as viable strategies to minimize adverse health effects. There is currently insufficient data to recommend specific personal approaches to reduce the adverse cardiovascular effects of noise pollution. Public health advisories for periods of extreme heat or cold should be observed, with limited evidence supporting a warm ambient home temperature and physical activity as strategies to limit the cardiovascular harms of temperature extremes. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure can be reduced by avoiding contact with perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance-containing materials; blood or plasma donation and cholestyramine may reduce total body stores of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. However, the cardiovascular impact of these interventions has not been examined. Limited utilization of pesticides and safe handling during use should be encouraged. Finally, vasculotoxic metal exposure can be decreased by using portable air cleaners, home water filtration, and awareness of potential contaminants in ground spices. Chelation therapy reduces physiological stores of vasculotoxic metals and may be effective for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Omega 3 Fatty Acid as a Health Supplement: An Overview of its Manufacture and Regulatory Aspects

Dietary supplements are used for potential health benefits and are mainly intended to provide those nutrients that may be insufficiently consumed through regular dietary intake. They are mostly made from natural sources and are readily available in the form of capsules, tablets, or liquid form. Nowadays, omega-3 fatty acids (n−3 FAs) supplements are in high demand and have gained noteworthy popularity as the human body cannot produce them, and need to be administrated externally. They are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) characterized by at least one cis double bond at the third and fourth omega-end carbons, with primary examples being ɑ- linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and are classified as functional foods. The natural sources of these supplements include aquatic organisms like freshwater and marine fish, microalgae, seaweeds; nuts and seeds plant oils, and fortified foods. n-3 FAs, being biologically active molecules, are highly susceptible to oxidation due to double bonds in their long chains, leading to degradation over time, during storage. Various encapsulation systems, such as gels, emulsions, and powders, have been developed to effectively encapsulate PUFAs to enhance their chemical stability, dispersibility, and bioavailability. These quality control measures are essential to guarantee the effectiveness and safety of products containing n-3 FAs. This paper explores various sources of omega-3 fatty acid supplements and summarizes the multiple manufacturing techniques used for the production of these products. Additionally, the article tried to correlate quality aspects with the regulations for such products in an attempt to prevent exposure of consumers to harmful ingredients contained within these products. Lastly, potential recommendations for harmonizing the regulation and control of omega-3 supplements are proposed.

Relative bioavailability of lutein and zeaxanthin in the presence of Omega-3- supplements and oxidative stress levels in humans

Lutein and zeaxanthin (LZ) are the major constituents of macular pigment (MP), helping to protect the human retina from blue light and oxidative damage(1). Many studies have suggested that higher concentrations of retina LZ may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and improve retinal health(1–3). MP and serum L have shown positive linear response with L dose(4) but the combined effect (LZ + omega-3 suppl) has not been fully explored in healthy Australian adults. Understanding their bioavailability in relation to the effect of omega-3 fatty acid intakes along with LZ supplements could provide a useful indication of the potential to reduce the risk of AMD, preserve vision, and improve retinal health. LZ uptake and the associated oxidative stress levels were evaluated in two groups fed with commercially sourced supplements. The control group was given only LZ, while the intervention group was given LZ combined with omega-3 supplements containing Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). 10 men and 6 women with an average age of 31.4 ± 1.3yrs participated in this randomised, non-blinded controlled study for a total of 19-d. The control group (9) consumed the LZ supplement (12mg/d) only, while the intervention group (7) consumed the LZ supplement along with 900mg/d of an omega-3 supplement (540mg EPA + DHA 360mg). Each group adhered to a comprehensive low-carotenoid and omega-3 diet list for the 12-d intervention period and the 7-d washout period. Participants reported daily foods consumed in their diet logbooks, and Automated Self-Administered 24 diet assessment log over the study period. The body composition of each subject from the two groups was assessed before and after the study using a SECA body composition analyser and blood samples (2-time point) collected over a 12-d test period. Mean ± SEM for serum LZ ranged from 2.23 ± 0.24 – 2.98 ± 0.24µg/ml for the control group and 1.10 ± 0.21–3.02 ± 0.73µg/ml for the intervention group. Percentage change in serum LZ concentration from (T0-T312h) and (T312h-T456h) were 26% and 34% (control) and 139% and 175% for (intervention), respectively. The Area Under the Curve (AUC0-456h) differed significantly (P<0.0469) during the entire study period (between groups) and related to the cumulative effect of intakes at various times of blood draw. LZ from the intervention group was 68% more bioavailable than the control group. The highest peak relative response in subjects in the control group was ≈33% (a 9.1-fold increase from baseline) at AUC (168-312h) and ≈46% (a 6.6-fold increase from baseline) at AUC (312-456h) for the intervention group. No significant (p>0.05) effect of omega-3-supplement addition on oxidative stress levels was observed. Omega-3- addition to intakes of supplement LZ was responsible for the increased absorption (intervention) observed but did not affect oxidative stress levels and the Red Blood Cell omega-3-status.

Omega-3 Supplementation May Reduce Schizotypal Symptoms in At-Risk Youth

Omega-3 Supplementation May Reduce Schizotypal Symptoms in At-Risk Youth

Therapeutic advantages of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with schizophrenia – a systematic review

Introduction and aim. In patients with schizophrenia, omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) treatment was found to ameliorate the cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory problems caused by antipsychotic medication and even reduce the need for medication by 20%. In this study, we evaluated the potential therapeutic effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation in patients with schizophrenia. Material and methods. The PRISMA guidelines were followed in conducting this systematic review. The Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched electronically. The first search yielded 50 papers in total. Subse quently, 43 publications that did not meet our eligibility requirements were removed, and seven articles were selected. Analysis of the literature. The analysis showed that n-3 PUFA supplementation and the placebo group both decreased their psychotic (PANSS and GAF scales) and Calgary Depression Scale symptomatology and boosted their functional ability (GAF) when used as an adjuvant to antipsychotic medication. When administered as a monotherapy with a metabolic antioxidant, n-3 PUFA supplementation proved beneficial for treating schizophrenia. In patients with schizophrenia, n-3 PUFAs have thera peutic benefits as adjuvant treatments to medications, although not for different variables or patient groups. Conclusion. In many studies, patients with chronic schizophrenia who received n-3 PUFA supplementation showed no improvement in their clinical condition.

Impact of Flaxseed Oil Supplementation on Tobacco Dependence, Craving, and Haematological Parameters in Tobacco-Dependent Subjects.

Background Tobacco is prevalently used in smoking or smokeless forms and remains a major public health concern worldwide, with its adverse effects on overall health. Omega-3 fatty acid (FA) has shown its promising effects in various health conditions. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of flaxseed oil (omega-3 supplementation) on tobacco dependence, craving, withdrawal symptoms, and haematological parameters in tobacco users. Methods In this randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled study, 104 tobacco users (54 in the omega-3 group and 50 in the placebo group) were supplemented with 10 ml of food-grade flaxseed oil and 10 ml of placebo for six months, respectively. Their demographics, frequency of daily tobacco use, tobacco dependence, tobacco craving, tobacco withdrawal symptoms, and complete blood count (CBC) were assessed at baseline (before intervention) and after a six-month intervention. Results The demographic characteristics of the two groups were similar except for gender at baseline. There were 50 males and four females in the omega-3 group, while there were 42 males and eight females in the placebo group. After a six-month flaxseed oil intervention, BMI values showed a significant reduction (p = 0.0081) in the omega-3 group when compared to baseline; however, CBC parameters did not show any significant changes when comparing baseline to follow-up values. On the contrary, haemoglobin and red blood cells (RBCs) showed significant changes when comparing the follow-ups of the omega-3 group with the placebo group, indicating p = 0.0016 and p = 0.0163, respectively. Also, omega-3 effectively decreased daily tobacco use frequency (p<0.0001), tobacco dependence (p<0.0001), and craving (p<0.0001). Conclusion Supplementation of 10 ml of flaxseed oil per day (omega-3 FA) for six months significantly reduced tobacco dependence and cravings. Additionally, the flaxseed oil supplementation effectively reduced the frequency of daily tobacco intake and modulated tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Thus, our results suggest that flaxseed oil supplementation is a useful adjunct for tobacco users who intend to quit tobacco use.

Diet, exercise, and supplements: what is their role in the management of the metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in children?

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the main cause of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents. Indeed, epidemiological studies have shown that MASLD affects up to 40% of children with obesity. Despite the recent approval of medications that target weight loss in adolescents that could have benefits on pediatric MASLD, lifestyle interventions, such as diet and exercise, remain the mainstay of our therapeutic approach. More specifically, studies on diet alone have focused on the possible role of carbohydrate or fat restriction, albeit without a definite answer on the best approach. Weight loss after dietary intervention in children with obesity and MASLD has a beneficial effect, regardless of the diet used. In relation to the role of exercise in MASLD reversal, indirect evidence comes from studies showing that a sedentary lifestyle leading to poor fitness, and low muscle mass is associated with MASLD. However, research on the direct effect of exercise on MASLD in children is scarce. A combination of diet and exercise seems to be beneficial with several studies showing improvement in surrogate markers of MASLD, such as serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatic fat fraction, the latter evaluated with imaging studies. Several dietary supplements, such as vitamin E, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acid supplements have also been studied in children and adolescents with MASLD, but with equivocal results. This review aims to critically present available data on the effects of lifestyle interventions, including diet, exercise, and dietary supplements, on pediatric MASLD, thus suggesting a frame for future research that could enhance our knowledge on pediatric MASLD management and optimize clinicians' approach to this vexing medical condition.

The effect of eight weeks combined training with omega-3 supplementation on the levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in older women

The effect of eight weeks combined training with omega-3 supplementation on the levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in older women

Effects of Supplemental Vitamin D3, Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Physical Performance Measures in VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL.

Declining muscle strength and performance in older adults are associated with falls, fractures, and premature death. To determine whether supplementation with vitamin D3 or omega-3 fatty acids vs. placebo for 2 years improves physical performance measures. VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) was a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial of supplemental vitamin D3 and/or omega-3 fatty acids vs. placebo in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease in 25,871 U.S. adults. This ancillary study was completed in a New England sub-cohort that had in-person evaluations at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Center for Clinical Investigations in Boston. 1,054 participants (men ≥50 and women ≥55 years). 2x2 factorial design of supplemental vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, 2000 IU/day) and/or marine omega-3 fatty acids (1 g/day). 2-year changes in physical performance measures of grip strength, walking speed, standing balance, repeated chair stands, and Timed-up and Go (TUG). At 2 years, all randomized groups showed worsening walking speeds and TUG. There were no differences in changes in grip strength, walking speeds, Short Physical Performance Battery (composite of walking speed, balance, and chair stands), and TUG between the vitamin D3-treated and the placebo-treated groups and between the omega-3-treated and the placebo-treated groups. Effects overall did not vary by sex, age, body mass index, or baseline measures of total or free 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) or plasma n-3 index; TUG slightly worsened with vitamin D supplementation, compared to placebo, in participants with baseline total 25(OH)D levels above the median (p=0.01, p for interaction=0.04). Neither supplemental vitamin D3 nor marine omega-3 fatty acids for 2 years improved physical performance in this generally healthy adult population.

Effect of eight weeks of combined exercise and omega-3 supplementation on the levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in elderly women

Abstract Exercise training and omega-3 supplementation are known to have anti-inflammatory effects; however, the simultaneous effect of exercise training and omega-3 supplementation has received little attention so far. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of combined training (resistance endurance) and omega-3 supplementation on the levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in older women. The 40 participating older adults, with an average age of 66.7 ± 4.13 years, were randomly assigned to four groups: placebo, omega-3, training and training + omega-3. Combined exercise training (consisted of 30 mins running with 40-70% of reserve heart rate and resistance training included ten exercises, two sets, and each set consisted of 18-20 repetitions) performed for eight weeks and three sessions per week. Omega-3 supplementation was 2,000 mg daily (two 1000 mg capsules, one in the morning and one at night). Blood sampling was performed in pre and post-test (48 h after the last training session and omega-3 supplementation) stages, and interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA. The dependent t-test results (pre- and post-test) indicated that there was a statistically significant difference (decrease) in HOMA-IR index, body fat percentage, body mass index, IL-6, and TNF-α in training and training + omega-3 groups, post-exercise (). TNF-α was lower in the omega-3 () training () and training + omega-3 () groups compared to the placebo group, post exercise. Moreover, IL-6 levels in the training () group were lower than in the placebo group, post exercise. Combined training may reduce both TNF-α and IL-6 compared to placebo. In contrast, omega-3 alone or combined with combined training may only reduce TNF-α but not IL-6 concentrations compared to placebo.

Does omega-3 fatty acid supplementation provide cardiovascular benefits?

Does omega-3 fatty acid supplementation provide cardiovascular benefits?

Effect of omega-3 supplementation on osteoarthritis: An evidence-based case report

Background: Osteoarthritis is marked by mild inflammation, causing cartilage damage that leads to bone remodelling and potentially reduces the quality of life. Omega-3 has anti-inflammatory properties, which can help mitigate cartilage damage.&#x0D; Objective: This research aims to determine the role of omega-3 in relieving pain in patients with osteoarthritis.&#x0D; Methods: A literature search was conducted using advanced searching on three large databases: PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus. The search used Mesh terms according to the criteria. After assessing the relevance and suitability of the literature, two articles were selected and critically evaluated based on Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine.&#x0D; Results: Two systematic review-meta-analyses that meet the PICO and eligibility criteria were found. One of the literature sources does not demonstrate the effect of omega-3 supplementation on joint pain, while the other literature source shows the beneficial effects of omega-3 in reducing joint pain in osteoarthritis.&#x0D; Conclusion: Omega-3 supplementation can alleviate joint pain in individuals with osteoarthritis. Providing omega-3 may be worth considering.

The impact of omega-3 on recurrent seizures in epileptic patients: A case study with evidence-based approaches

Background: Epileptogenesis is also associated with increased production of excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines” which shows connection between pro-inflammatory cytokines as triggering factor with omega-3 which has anti-inflammatory effect. Omega-3, known for its neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties, exhibits promising effects on epileptic seizure attacks.&#x0D; Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of omega-3 supplementation on the incidence of seizures in epilepsy patients.&#x0D; Methods: This study used a literature search using advanced queries in the databases PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library, and combined MeSH terms with Title/Abstract. The collected literature is discarded if there are duplicates, then literature is filtered that meets the eligibility criteria. We used the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine as a means of critical appraisal and determining the level of evidence of the selected literature.&#x0D; Results: Four chosen literatures were critically assessed. Two articles indicating no significant difference between omega-3 and placebo and two articles showed had a significantly higher number of seizure-free days than placebo. The first article, involving 78 adults, reported a 50% reduction in seizure risk with a frequency RR of 0.57, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.75 (IS = 0%) indicating no significant difference between omega-3 and placebo groups after 12 weeks of treatment. The second study, comprising mostly non-significant findings, demonstrated no significant correlation between omega-3 and epilepsy attacks in epilepsy patients. The third literature revealed seizure occurrences per month in the EPA group (9.7±1.2), DHA group (11.7±1.5), and placebo group (16.6±1.5). Incidence rate ratio (IRR) adjusted for seizure type in EPA and DHA groups compared to the placebo group were 0.61 (CI = 0.42–0.88, p = 0.008, a 42% reduction) and 0.67 (CI = 0.46–1.0, p = 0.04, a 39% reduction), respectively. Both treatment groups had a significantly higher number of seizure-free days compared to the placebo group (p &lt; 0.05). The fourth study reported intervention group frequency (4.72 ± 1.6, p= 0.014) and placebo frequency (11.64 ± 1.63, p=0.014) with intervention group seizure duration (6.64 ± 1.39, p=0.009) compared to placebo group (14.36 ± 2.18, p=0.009).&#x0D; Conclusion: Omega-3 supplementation may be considered for management in patients with recurrent epileptic seizures, although its effect on reducing seizure frequency remains inconsistent.