Negative Impact Of Global Warming Research Articles

Half a century of herb layer changes in Quercus-dominated forests of the Western Carpathians

Species composition of European temperate Quercus forests have undergone dramatic changes in the past century. Observed changes have largely been attributed to anthropogenic environmental changes that drove the processes of thermophilization, eutrophication, or biotic homogenization. However, ecological processes behind these changes can be difficult to explain considering the variability among regions: their history, management, landscape patterns, site properties, and vegetation types. To reveal vegetation change trends and their drivers in the subcontinental Western Carpathians, we analysed vegetation and environmental data from 158 quasi-permanent plots established between 1961 and 1980 in Quercus petraea- dominated forests on the andesite bedrock of the Slovenské stredohorie Mountains in Slovakia (Central Europe), and we resurveyed them again between 2005 and 2020.Among alpha and gamma diversity measures, we found only slight species richness decreases. A significant shift in species composition associated with very high species turnover (64%) and a decrease in herb layer cover (by 24%) resulted in higher spatial heterogeneity of herb understoreys in the resurvey. Winning species were more thermophilous, eutrophic, and mesic/oceanic plants of lower latitudes, replacing original species of open Quercus forests. Increased temperatures was the most significant environmental driver. Climate warming corresponded not only to thermophilization, but, after interaction with management, it was also related to eutrophication of the herb layer. Eutrophication was identified as the main trend of the species composition changes (mean EIV for nutrients of winners was 5.9 compared to 4.1 of losers) even though the effect of anthropic nitrogen depositions was negligible. Successive undergrowing of Quercus canopies by more shade-casting trees (Acer campestre, Carpinus betulus, and Fagus sylvatica) in the period of decreasing management intensity was another major driver. Their increase by 8.6% in the resurveyed plots contributed to decreased species richness and they supported shade-tolerant eutrophic understorey species typical of mesic Carpinus betulus and Fagus sylvatica forests.We concluded that Quercus forests in the Western Carpathians underwent thermophilization and eutrophication, similar to the forests in densely inhabited Western Europe; however, their plant understoreys were not homogenized, and eutrophication was not driven by nitrogen depositions. Eutrophication should be recognised as the next important negative impact of global warming on ecosystems. Dramatic changes in species composition and loss of original characteristic species can only be partly halted by reducing shade-casting trees from lower tree layers in managed stands.

Phylogenetic data reveal a surprising origin of Euphorbia orphanidis (Euphorbiaceae) and environmental modeling suggests that microtopology limits its distribution to small patches in Mt. Parnassus (Greece).

The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most biodiverse areas in the world, harboring 25,000 plant species, of which 60% are endemic. Some of them have narrow distributions, such as Euphorbia orphanidis, which is only known from alpine screes on Mt. Parnassos in Greece. Its exact distribution in this mountain was, however, poorly known, and its phylogenetic origin was also unclear. We performed extensive field work in Mt. Parnassos and could register E. orphanidis only in five patches of limestone screes in the eastern part of this mountain range, emphasizing its very narrow distribution, which is likely limited by topography influencing water availability as indicated by environmental modeling. We also registered 31 accompanying species and thus characterized its habitat. Using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and plastid ndhF-trnL and trnT-trnF sequences, we show that it belongs to E. sect. Patellares, despite not having connate raylet leaves typical for this section, and not to E. sect. Pithyusa as previously suggested. The relationships among the species of E. sect. Patellares are poorly resolved, suggesting their simultaneous divergence that dated to the late Pliocene, which coincided with the establishment of the Mediterranean climate. The relative genome size of E. orphanidis is in the range of that for the other members of E. sect. Patellares, suggesting that it is diploid. Finally, we performed multivariate morphological analyses to generate a comprehensive description of E. orphanidis. Based on its narrow distribution and the anticipated negative impact of global warming, we consider this species endangered. Our study demonstrates how microrelief can limit the distribution of plants in topographically heterogeneous mountain environments and likely plays an important, yet neglected, role in shaping the distribution patterns of plants in the Mediterranean Basin.

Novel economy and carbon emissions prediction model of different countries or regions in the world for energy optimization using improved residual neural network

Nowadays, the world has achieved tremendous economic development at the expense of the long-term habitability of the planet. With the rapid economic development, the global greenhouse effect caused by excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is also accumulating, which generates the negative impact of global warming on nature and human beings. Meanwhile, economy and CO2 emissions prediction methods based on traditional neural networks lead to gradient disappearance or gradient explosion, making the economy and CO2 emissions prediction inaccurate. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel economy and CO2 emissions prediction model based on a residual neural network (RESNET) to optimize and analyze energy structures of different countries or regions in the world. The skip links are used in the inner residual block of the RESNET to alleviate vanishing gradients due to increasing depth in deep neural networks. Consequently, the proposed RESNET can optimize this problem and protect the integrity of information by directly bypassing the input information to the output, which can increase the precision of the prediction model. The needs for natural gas, hydroelectricity, oil, coal, nuclear energy, and renewable energy in 24 different countries or regions from 2009 to 2020 are used as inputs, the CO2 emissions and the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita are respectively used as the undesired output and the desired output of the RESNET to build an economy and CO2 emissions prediction model. The experimental results show that the RESNET has higher correctness and functionality than the traditional convolutional neural network (CNN), the radial basis function (RBF), the extreme learning machine (ELM) and the back propagation (BP). Furthermore, the proposed model provides guidance and development plans for countries or regions with low energy efficiency, which can improve energy efficiency, economic development and reasonably control CO2 emissions.

Impact of Global Warming on China’s Agricultural Production

Global warming has had an important impact on China’s agricultural production, especially the intensified uneven distribution of water and heat resources and the increased frequency of extreme weather, resulting in a significant increase in the risk of agricultural production. Alleviating a series of negative effects of climate warming on agricultural production has always been the focus of governments and scholars, and it is also the basis of realizing agricultural sustainable development. This paper summarizes the impact of climate warming on China’s agricultural production from five aspects: agricultural planting system and structural layout, agricultural diseases and pests, agricultural management, agricultural ecosystem and agricultural production potential. Based on the above specific impacts, the urgent problems faced by China's agricultural production are pointed out, and the countermeasures to reduce the impact of climate warming are put forward from the aspects of policy, technology, research and cooperation, in order to provide references for other governments to deal with the negative impact of global warming, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture.

Numerical investigation on the performance characteristics of photovoltaic thermal refrigerator integrating phase change material and water/nanofluid as fluid medium

To better manage the thermal energy of solar obtained during daytime and reduce the negative impacts caused by the global warming, Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) refrigerator integrating phase change material (PCM) and with water/nanofluid (Al3O2) as fluids medium is among the best choices. In the present paper, a 3D model of water/nanofluid-based-PVT/PCM was numerically solved in ANSYS Fluent 18, to investigate the performance characteristics of the system under various parameters of weather, flow and PCM. By employing the methods of solidification/melting, conjugated heat transfer and second order discretization, the results in terms of top, out and bottom temperature, COP and energy stored in PCM were obtained and analyzed. The inlet of both mass flow rate and temperature were found to be the most influential parameters with highest COP and energy stored of greater than 5 and 2.9 kJ, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum temperature attained when PVT/PCM was used is 5.4 K lower than that of PVT, implying that PVT/PCM not only can act as a thermal energy management but also can reduce the negative impact of global warming. The system of nanofluid-based-PVT/PCM also achieved a good performance when operated under lowest values of weather parameters (long-wave intensity and ambient temperature).

GLOBAL WARMING - PHYSICS AND GEOPOLITICS (Review). 2. Policies to mitigate the negative impact of climate change and adapt to it

Introduction. Reducing the negative impact of global warming and adapting to its devastating effects is an urgent global problem. Its decision is actively taken care of by politicians, leading world organizations and the expert community.
 Problems. Political, financial and economic, innovative, scientific and technical approaches and measures to reduce and / or neutralize climate change are widely discussed. World organizations - IPCC, IEA, WMO, IMF, etc. - are involved in solving the problems.
 Purpose. Assess the state of the problem, present the results of research and measures and tools for their implementation to reduce the greenhouse effect and / or adapt to its negative impact.
 Materials and methods. Authoritative literature sources with analysis of approaches, measures and tools to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including the diversification of the fuel and energy balance of world energy resources, were used. Possibilities of adaptation to climate change are considered.
 Results. The main approaches and mechanisms of man-caused nature to actually reduce greenhouse gas emissions and global temperature in the 20th century are identified and their estimates for the period up to 2050 are given. The crucial role of RES and energy efficiency in the use of energy resources has been confirmed.
 Conclusions. It is likely that by the middle of the 20th century the world economy can be brought to a state of low-carbon development primarily through the use of renewable energy, energy efficiency, diversification of primary energy resources and their decarbonization, which will significantly reduce annual emissions of 10 carbon .

Projecting the Influence of Global Warming on Physical Activity Patterns: a Systematic Review.

This study systematically identified and synthesized empirical data-driven modeling studies that projected the future influence of global warming on people's physical activity patterns. A total of ten studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Global warming, in general, was predicted to be associated with a net increase in active commuting and leisure-time physical activity. However, the specific relationship between climate change and future physical activity patterns was expected to vary by the periods of prediction, geographical locations, population subgroups, and seasons. Moreover, the positive association between global warming and physical activity could level off or be reversed once reaching a temperature threshold. Preliminary evidence suggested a net increase in physical activity by mid- to late-twenty-first century owing to global warming. Future studies should refine the projections by taking into account the indirect effect of global warming through induced natural and human events, and assess effective countermeasures to mitigate the negative impact of global warming on vulnerable population subgroups.

HIGH TEMPERATURES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PLANTS AND BEES

The analysis of the effect of high ambient temperatures on entomophilous plants and honey bees is carried out. The research of the species composition of entomophilous plants, the timing of their flowering, of the temperature peaks during the summer was conducted in accordance with the conditions of the Fergana region, Uzbekistan. The ethological behavior of bees at high temperatures was carried out at Holosiivska educational and research apiary of NULES of Ukraine. Trere were used generally accepted methods at experiments. According to the research results, the maximum ambient temperatures for Fergana, Uzbekistan were determined. It is established that according to conditions of the Fergana region of Uzbekistan, honey plants and bees are most exposed to high temperatures during the second half of summer. It was analyzed the species variety of entomophilous plants of the Fergana Valley. The most common species of plants by areas of their dissemination have been identified. Plants are grouped in each zone, subject to influence of high temperatures during their flowering period. The effects of heat on the flight activity of worker bees and their behavior are determined. During the day, under the influence of high temperatures, the bees of the families did not show the same activity to flying. They actively fly off in the morning. As the temperature increased, the number of departures was decreased. This often happened from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. During this period, the aggressiveness of bees in the colonies increased. They more often visited drinking bowls and brought water. In addition, bees actively ventilated the nests. Some of them opened the nest and hung on the walls of the hive.Under prolonged exposure of high temperatures, worker bees hung in bunches on the walls of the hive even at night. This behavior of bees lasted until the temperature dropped to 28 C and below. Given to the negative impact of global warming on flora and fauna, it is increase the importance of honey bees as part of the biocenosis of wildlife, the likelihood of extinction of many species of plants and animals. It is concluded that it is necessary to improve the ecology, to deep research related to the effects of high temperatures on honey bees and entomophytic plants.

Reducing the impact of global warming through school based management framework: engaging students’ participation in daily life integrated curriculum

Recent study findings indicate that global warming plays a significant impact on our planet, for instance the raising temperature of earth that affects the melting of polar ice caps. This melting polar ice cap may cause the increasing of sea level, moreover it also causes serious effect for all organisms on earth. The research aimed to describe the ways of reducing the negative impact of global warming integrated into students’ participation in their daily life based on science teachers’ perceptions, beliefs, opinion and ideas. The results are converted into preliminary forms of product in the form of a hypothetical framework of green school-based management. This study was the qualitative research with the methods of Focused Group Discussions (FGD). Based on the result of FGD, school communities and stakeholders have to actively participate in reducing the effects of global warming integratedly and continuously. The form of participation and integration are presented in the hypothetical school-based management framework.

An integrated assessment for achieving the 2°C target pathway in China by 2030

China submitted the Greenhouse gas emission reduction target in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) to the Paris Agreement. To reduce the negative impact of global warming, a tighter target is needed, such as the 2-degree target. This study investigated how China could reach its emissions peak and decarbonize its economy through different key countermeasures in various sectors in line with the NDC and 2 °C targets by 2030. A dynamic CGE model is used to develop ten scenarios that contain two dimensions consisting of two stringency levels of carbon emission limitation and the availability of different low-carbon options. We found that in the baseline scenario, China’s total CO2 emissions in 2030 would reach 14.7 Gt. To meet China’s NDC target, it is essential to develop non-fossil fuel energy, restrict the over-expansion of energy-intensive industries and improve end-use efficiency. Meanwhile, the global 2 °C target poses higher requirements for China to develop various non-fossil technologies both in electricity production and demand sectors, and vigorously promote low-carbon consumption pattern. Furthermore, we estimated the economic impacts and found that if low-carbon measures are adopted properly, the mitigation cost in 2030 could decline by 92 and 226 USD/ton-CO2 under the NDC target and 2 °C target, respectively. Accordingly, GDP loss could fall from 3.8% to barely 0.004% under the NDC target, and from 11.6% to 1.6% under the 2 °C target. The welfare will almost not be affected significantly under all scenarios. Moreover, carbon reduction will also bring co-benefits on the air pollution improvement in China.

Current Policy and Technology for Tidal Current Energy in Korea

As global energy consumption continues to increase, the negative impact of global warming also grows. Therefore, eco-friendly energy policy is being established all over the world. Korea’s energy consumption problems are further complicated by the country’s high dependence on energy sourced overseas. Korean energy policy is evolving rapidly to address these problems. Korea has begun to phase out nuclear power and is focusing on developing new sources of renewable energy. So there has been substantial interest in the development of ocean energy. Of all ocean energy technologies, tidal current energy is the closest to the commercialization. Especially, the southwestern coast of Korea is the most promising candidate site for the development of tidal current energy owing to the abundant tidal current energy resource. Meanwhile, ocean energy policy is an important factor in determining the development of ocean energy. Thus, this paper presents the overview of the current status of policy and technology for the tidal current energy system in Korea. These policies explained in this paper can provide significant interest and motivation for the use of tidal current energy resources.

Green School Based Management Model as A Powerful Alternative Solution to Overcome Global Climate Change: A Need Assessment Survey Analysis of Teacher in Lampung, Indonesia

The roles and responsibilities of schools in dealing with 21st-century problems, especially those related to global climate change which treats the entire world, become a challenge for school communities to take part to overcome this problem we proposed Green School Based Management Model (Green SBM Model). Green SBM Model is a new model that has been proposed to be conducted in all schools in Lampung. Just because the existed SBM Model focused on school improvement plans / learning outcomes only (management of human resources, materials, finance, strategic planning, program management, and marketing oriented). Before conducting Green SBM Model, we do need assessment surve for the teacher in Lampung Indonesia to know teacher perception about global warming and its solution. The design of this study is a cross-sectional non-experimental descriptive survey approach using a questionnaire to 107 teachers in Lampung, Indonesia. Based on data analysis, it can be concluded that all of the teachers realized the negative impact of global warming and they should take a part in overcoming the negative impact of global warming. Besides that, teachers also believed that Green School Based Management Model is a powerful model which can be a solution to overcome the negative impact of global warming.

Analysis of Enterprise Financial Risk in low Carbon Economy

Nowadays, human society is confronted with a series issues such as environmental pollution and global warming. Under such circumstances, all the countries in the world are intending to ease the crisis of global warming through cooperating with each other to prevent the negative impact of global warming on human survival and development. While, as a basic unit of social development, financial risks that enterprises face in the process of production and operation have shown new changes and characteristics, due to the impact and shock of the development of low carbon economy. This paper mainly analyzes the impact of low carbon economy on enterprise financial risk and on this basis, studies the characteristics of enterprise financial risks and the countermeasures in low carbon economy.

Strategic planning for Taipei sponge city

With the accumulation of industrial development and human development, the effects of global climate change are becoming more and more obvious, and because of the increasingly obvious warming phenomenon and impact, countries began to put their hand on global warming mitigation and adaptation measures and policies, hoping to reduce the negative impact of global warming on people’s living and natural environment. This study explores the problems in global climate change and global warming, and aims to examine how to cope with variation of extreme climate and the highly populated environment in Taipei, and how to practice the concept of "Taipei Sponge Livable City" project as the main axis. First, this study elucidates the context of Sponge City concept, relevant academic research and case studies. This study then analyzes Taipei’s water environmental changes, the implementation of policies and projects. By translating the planning concept into a tree-like structure, on the one hand, it can analyze the relevant policies and the works of the City Department; on the other hand, it can set up a sound direction and prospect for the Taipei Sponge City Policy. Moreover, by referencing to numerous Sponge City examples, this study can improve the water policy and continuously construct the "Sponge Livable City" for Taipei City.

Global Warming Mitigation through the Local Action of Environmental Education in the Plantation Area of Palm Oil

Oil palm is a strategic mainstay product with a crucial role in the national economy, and it can also be carbon sink to mitigate the negative impact of global warming when managed in environmentally friendly manner. Therefore, management and surrounding community need to have an understanding of the environment, and pro-environmental attitude and behaviour. Action research, which aimed at mitigating global warming through the local action of environmental education (EE), was conducted toward oil palm plantation employee and surrounding community. The EE programme was expected to be able to shape understanding and pro-environmental attitude and behaviour in the target group.  Rapid observation and interview were carried out in collecting data for EE programme development.  A needs assessment was conducted in developing the EE subject; based on local environmental problems and gap of target group’s perception of the problems.  Global warming-related environmental problems found in the location included air temperature increase, drought and difficulty in determining planting season.  Spatial analysis based on 1989 and 2014 satellite imagery showed a decrease of the water body, tree vegetated land and open areas, and an increase in non-tree vegetated land and built land, accompanied by an increase in areas with higher temperature range.  Both employees and the community had a good knowledge of the environment, but less in conservation. The environmental education provided for them had been able to increase their perception on environmental conservation. However, repetition and intensive assistance are still needed to strengthen the perception

Spatially distinct response of rice yield to autonomous adaptation under the CMIP5 multi-model projections

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a very important staple crop, as it feeds more than half of the world’s population. Numerous studies have focused on the negative impacts of climate change on rice production. However, there is little debate on which region of the world is more vulnerable to climate change and how adaptation to this change can mitigate the negative impacts on rice production. We investigated the impacts of climate change on rice yield, based on simulations combining a global crop model, M-GAZE, and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) multi-model projections. Our focus was the impact of mitigating emission forcings (representative concentration pathway RCP 4.5 vs. RCP 8.5) and autonomous adaptation (i.e., changing crop variety and planting date) on rice yield. In general, our results showed that climate change due to anthropogenic warming leads to a significant reduction in rice yield. However, autonomous adaptation provides the potential to reduce the negative impact of global warming on rice yields in a spatially distinct manner. The adaptation was less beneficial for countries located at a low latitude (e.g., Cambodia, Thailand, Brazil) compared to mid-latitude countries (e.g., USA, China, Pakistan), as regional climates at the lower latitudes are already near the upper temperature thresholds for acceptable rice growth. These findings suggest that the socioeconomic effects from rice production in lowlatitude countries can be highly vulnerable to anthropogenic global warming. Therefore, these countries need to be accountable to develop transformative adaptation strategies, such as adopting (or developing) heat-tolerant varieties, and/or improve irrigation systems and fertilizer use efficiency.

Weather, climate, politics, or God? Determinants of American public opinions toward global warming

ABSTRACT2012 American National Election Study data supplemented with monthly temperature data from the United States Historical Climatology Network are used to examine how religion, politics, and weather and climate affect views of global warming. Evangelical fundamentalism is the most consistent factor among all religion-related variables in determining perceptions of global warming, those more oriented toward evangelical fundamentalism being less likely than others to believe in the existence, anthropogenic cause, and adverse impact of global warming. Controlling for the effects of traditional political predisposition variables, including party identification and political ideology, support for the Tea Party plays a dominant role in determining views of global warming; support for the Tea Party leading to higher likelihood of disbelief in the existence, anthropogenic cause, and negative impact of global warming. Warming winters coupled with cooling springs of the past decade are positively related with belief in the existence of global warming.

Вплив глобальних змін на ґрунтові ресурси та сільськогосподарське виробництво

It is considered that the driving forces of global change are: changes in the composition of the atmosphere; climate change; and land use changes caused by socio-economic factors and climate change. The purpose of the article was to identify and summarize the available effects of global change on the world's soil resources and to identify the main trends in agricultural production associated with these changes. The article describes the most visible evidences of global change on the planet, in particular climate changes (including the territory of Ukraine). It was revealed that in Ukraine, the increasing of average temperature is predicted to 2°C with fluctuations during the year by 1,5-2,6°C, in 2025-2049, and in 2050-2074 the increasing of average annual  temperature is predicted by 3,45°C relative to the base period (1980-2004). It was studied and summarized evidence of the impact of climate change on soil resources related to urban sprawl, melting ice, human impact, extreme events, flooding etc; and on agriculture, such as the earlier emergence of green forest limits shifts, the emergence of a growing number of alien plant species, increase / decrease in crop yields etc. The impacts on the soil because of climate change was attributed with the influence of organic matter, soil biology and soil degradation. The factors of positive and negative impact of global warming and the increasing CO2 on the yield of crops  were analyzed, which included the positive physiological effects of CO2 and the extended growing season (during simulation improve yield) and the reducing of water availability, poor vernalization and reduce the growing season (during simulation lowering productivity). The modern methods of adaptation and mitigation of these changes in different regions were described, including management in areas prone to floods and other risks; urban planning and program updates, ecological restoration; soil conservation; afforestation and reforestation; green infrastructure etc.

Stranded Assets, the Social Cost of Carbon, and Directed Technical Change: Macroeconomic Dynamics of Optimal Climate Policy

The tractable general equilibrium model developed by Golosov et al. (2014), GHKT for short, is modified to allow for stock-dependent fossil fuel extraction costs and partial exhaustion of fossil fuel reserves, a negative impact of global warming on growth, mean reversion in climate damages, steady labour-augmenting technical progress, specific green technical progress driven by learning by doing, population growth, and a direct effect of the stock of atmospheric carbon on instantaneous welfare. We characterize the social optimum and derive simple rule for both the optimal carbon tax and the renewable energy subsidy, and characterize the optimal amount of untapped fossil fuel.

English

Carbon storage in forest ecosystems involves inordinate components including plant biomass carbon and soil carbon. Sequestration of carbon along with other aggressive conservation efforts helps to reduce the increasing negative impact of global warming on the environment and mangroves as the coastal forest. The objective of this study was to assess the soil carbon storage of dominant plant species of Awat-Awat Mangrove Forest, Sarawak, Malaysia. A total of 32 soil samples of mangrove forest were collected in nine different plots with different species using a peat auger at a soil depth of 0 to 50 cm. The total C in the soil samples was analyzed using CHNS analyzer (TruSpec Micro Elemental Analyzer (NCHS), LECO, USA). Soil carbon content of mangrove forest was found varies in each plot. The highest soil carbon content in Awat-Awat Mangrove Forest was found for soil under dominance of Rhizophora mucronata (6.24%) whereas the lowest (1.73%) was found for soil under dominated by Sonneratia alba. The soil carbon content of Awat-Awat Mangrove Forest was found to be influenced by the difference in species dominance.   Key words: Soil carbon storage, soil carbon, species dominance, mangrove forest, Sarawak, Malaysia.