Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode Research Articles

Investigation of Electrochemical Properties and Behaviors of NBITEP Molecule; Availability of Sensor Electrode in Determination of Hg2+ with SWAdSV Technique

This Master's Thesis focuses on the synthesis and structural elucidation of 4-(2-((6-nitro-1h-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)ethyl)phenol (NBITEP) molecule, along with its electrochemical behaviors. Electrochemical studies were carried out employing a glassy carbon (GC) electrode as the working electrode. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique was utilized for modification and characterization processes. Furthermore, the potential of the modified surface as a sensor electrode for Hg2+ ion detection was investigated using square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV). Detailed examinations were conducted in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS) medium specifically for Hg2+ ion detection, demonstrating the suitability of the reduced NBITEP modified GC electrode surface as a sensor electrode.

Designing and evaluation of a novel electrochemical biosensor based on carbon quantum dots and gold core-shell to detect and measure Human T-lymphotropic Virus-1 (HTLV-1) in clinical samples

The objective of this investigation is to introduce an innovative electrochemical biosensor that can swiftly detect HTLV-1 DNA targets without the need for nucleic acid amplification. The biosensor is equipped with a highly precise antisense DNA oligonucleotide. Additionally, we introduce a new core–shell material, CQDs@AuNPs, for the surface modification of glassy carbon electrodes. L-Cysteine is utilized as a conductive bridge to enhance the binding capabilities, electron transfer efficiency, and conductivity. The biosensor incorporates methylene blue (MB) as an electrochemical indicator with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique, facilitating swift detection within a mere 20 min. Furthermore, it has been able to attain a detection limit of 0.7 aM and quantitation limit of 6 copies/µL with an impressive linear range spanning from 10 aM to 100 nM that displays a positive slope along with exhibiting a remarkably high correlation coefficient measuring at approximately 0.99.We tested the biosensor using 40 HTLV-1 DNA real clinical samples, comprising 30 positive and 10 negative samples, as determined by standard RT-PCR. The biosensor demonstrated a specificity of 96.67% and an exceptional sensitivity of 100%. Rigorous quantitative analysis and statistical techniques, including t-tests, cutoff value determination, receiver operating characteristic curves, and box diagrams, clearly differentiated between the positive and negative groups. These findings underscore the potential of our innovative biosensor as a rapid, precise, and cost-effective tool for early detection of HTLV-1, which holds promise for efficient management and control of the virus.

Anthraquinone/activated carbon electrochemical sensor and its application in acetaminophen analysis.

Acetaminophen (AC) can inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins in the body, and has antipyretic and analgesic effects. In this paper, a two-step microwave impregnation method was used to prepare anthraquinone (AQ)-doped carbon composite, which were applied to the surface modification of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) for the determination of acetaminophen (AC) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that anthraquinone was successfully modified on the surface of activated carbon. The peak current of AC increased with its concentration in the range of 0.1μM to 700μM (R2 = 0.998) and a detection limit of 0.05μM was obtained with 20%AQ doped carbon electrochemical sensor (20%AQ-C/GCE). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) test results indicated that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 20%AQ-C/GCE is only the one-fourth of that of bare GCE. The proposed 20%AQ-C/GCE sensor has good stability, reproducibility and selectivity for the detection of AC. The sensor is also suitable for the detection of real samples, indicating its good practicality.

Oxidative Stripping of Starch-AgNPs for Nanomolar Indirect Electrochemical Sensing of BSA Using an L-Cysteine Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

In this study, an L-cystine-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was developed as an electrochemical platform based on AgNP oxidative stripping for nanomolar indirect detection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) biomacromolecules. The Poly-L-Cys was formed by L-cysteine (L-Cys) monomers electro-polymerization on the GCE surface. L-Cys pending groups interacted with AgNPs through Ag-S chemical bonds while it interacted with BSA through van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. To characterize the bare GCE and GCE/L-Cys, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used. The oxidative stripping of AgNPs by the addition of BSA was monitored using linear sweep stripping analysis.

A Flow Injection Amperometric Sensor for Nitrate Detection Based on Cu Foam/Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Nitrate (NO3−) contamination from agricultural and industrial waste affects environmental water quality and can cause severe diseases if consumed in drinking water. Therefore, the detection of NO3− is a necessary precaution. This work describes the development of an electrochemical sensor for NO3− detection that combines the advantages of ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) and copper foam (Cu foam) on a glassy carbon electrode (Cu foam/OMC/GCE). The large surface area, uniform pore structure, and large pore volume of OMC supported the electrodeposition of Cu foam to create a highly porous electrocatalytic structure for NO3− reduction. Under optimal conditions, the developed electrochemical sensor exhibited linearity from 1.0 µM to 5.0 mM and a detection limit of 1.0 µM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the proposed electrochemical sensor exhibited acceptable selectivity, and good stability and reproducibility. The developed sensor detected NO3− in drinking water samples with recoveries of 88.2±0.9 to 112.5±6.3%.

Oxygen vacancy-rich Fe2(MoO4)3 combined with MWCNTs for electrochemical sensors of fentanyl and its analogs.

Hundreds of thousands of people dying from the abuse of fentanyl and its analogs. Hence, the development of an efficient and highly accurate detection method is extremely relevant and challenging. Therefore, we proposed the introduction of oxygen defects into Fe2(MoO4)3 nanoparticles for improving the catalyst performance and combining it with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for electrochemical detection of fentanyl and its analogs. Oxygen vacancy-rich Fe2(MoO4)3 (called r-Fe2(MoO4)3) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and characterized in detail by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectra, BET, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and investigatedby comparison with oxygen vacancy-poor Fe2(MoO4)3 (called p-Fe2(MoO4)3). The obtained oxygen vacancy-rich Fe2(MoO4)3 was ultrasonically composited with MWCNTs for modification of glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) used for the electrochemical detection of fentanyl and its analogs. The modified MWCNT-GCE showed ultrasensitivity to fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil, and acetylfentanyl with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.006µmol·L-1, 0.008µmol·L-1, 0.018µmol·L-1, and 0.024µmol·L-1, respectively, and could distinguish among the four drugs based on their peak voltages. Besides, the obtained r-Fe2(MoO4)3/MWCNT composite also exhibited highrepeatability, selectivity, and stability. Itshowed satisfactory detection performance on real samples, with recoveries of 70.53 ~ 94.85% and 50.98 ~ 82.54% in serum and urine for the four drugsin a concentration range 0.2 ~ 1µM, respectively. The experimental results confirm that the introduction of oxygen vacancies effectively improves the sensitivity of fentanyl electrochemical detection, and this work provides some inspiration for the development of catalytic materials for electrochemical sensors with higher sensitivity.

Modification of Glassy Carbon Electrodes with Complexes of Manganese(II) with Some Phenanthroline Derivatives Immobilized in Nafion Layer.

Manganese(II) complexes with phenanthroline derivatives modified with different substituents were synthesized and incorporated into Nafion layers covering the surfaces of glassy carbon electrodes and were studied electrochemically. Formal potentials and apparent diffusion coefficients were calculated and discussed. The suitability for electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid and glycolic acid was examined. The surfaces of modified electrodes were characterized using atomic force microscopy.

Hydrothermally Synthesized MoS2 as Electrochemical Catalyst for the Fabrication of Thiabendazole Electrochemical Sensor and Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

In this work we reported the hydrothermal preparation of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The phase purity and crystalline nature of the synthesized MoS2 were examined via the powder X-ray diffraction method. The surface morphological structure of the MoS2 was examined using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The specific surface area of the MoS2 was calculated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. The elemental composition and distribution of the Mo and S elements were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The oxidation states of the Mo and S elements were studied through employing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In further studies, we modified the active surface area (3 mm) of the glassy carbon (GC) electrode using MoS2 as an electrocatalyst. The MoS2 modified GC electrode (MSGC) was used as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of thiabendazole (TBZ). Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was used as the electrochemical sensing technique. The MSGC exhibited good performance in the detection of TBZ. A limit of detection of 0.1 µM with a sensitivity of 7.47 µA/µM.cm2 was obtained for the detection of TBZ using the LSV method. The MSGC also showed good selectivity for the detection of TBZ in the presence of various interfering compounds. The obtained results showed that MoS2 has good electrocatalytic properties. This motivated us to explore the catalytic properties of MoS2 in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Thus, we have fabricated DSSCs using MoS2 as a platinum-free counter electrode material. The MoS2 counter electrode-based DSSCs showed good power conversion efficiency of more than 5%. We believe that the present work is beneficial for the scientific community, and especially for research surrounding the design and fabrication of catalysts for electrochemical sensing and DSSC applications.

Selective Electrochemical Determination of L-Cysteine by a Cobalt Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE)

L-Cysteine is a semi-essential and proteinogenic amino acid, with the formula HO2CCH (NH2) CH2SH. L-cysteine is mostly found in protein-rich foods. In this study, catalysts consisting of cobalt (Co) supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared using the sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction method. These catalysts were characterized by means of energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) techniques. Characterization results confirmed the successful preparation of the desired catalyst. After preparing the Co/CNT catalysts, a highly efficient and sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the Co/CNT catalysts. The electrochemical behavior of the bare GCE and Co/CNT-modified GCE electrodes was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) + L-cysteine. Electrochemical results showed that the Co/CNT-modified GCE electrode exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity compared to the bare GCE, with sensitivity of 0.0046 µA/µM, limit of detection of 0.2 µM, and limit of quantification of 0.6 µM. Furthermore, this electrode showed higher sensitivity values than those reported in the literature. Further interference studies were performed using CV and EIS to investigate interfering species in the serum environment, such as D-glucose, uric acid, L-tyrosine, and L-tryptophan. In conclusion, the results suggest that the Co/CNT-modified GCE electrode is a promising catalyst for the sensitive detection of L-cysteine.

Electrochemical Sensors based on Gold-Silver Core-Shell Nanoparticles Combined with a Graphene/PEDOT:PSS Composite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Paraoxon-ethyl Detection.

Herein, a nonenzymatic detection of paraoxon-ethyl was developed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with gold-silver core-shell (Au-Ag) nanoparticles combined with the composite of graphene with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). These core-shell nanoparticles (Au-Ag) were synthesized using a seed-growth method and characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) techniques. Meanwhile, the structural properties, surface morphology and topography, and electrochemical characterization of the composite of Au-Ag core-shell/graphene/PEDOT:PSS were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Moreover, the proposed sensor for paraoxon-ethyl detection based on Au-Ag core-shell/graphene/PEDOT:PSS modified GCE demonstrates good electrochemical and electroanalytical performance when investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry techniques. It was found that the synergistic effect between Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles and the composite of graphene/PEDOT:PSS provides a higher conductivity and enhanced electrocatalytic activity for paraoxon-ethyl detection at an optimum pH of 7. At pH 7, the proposed sensor for paraoxon-ethyl detection shows a linear range of concentrations from 0.2 to 100 μM with a limit of detection of 10 nM and high sensitivity of 3.24 μA μM-1 cm-2. In addition, the proposed sensor for paraoxon-ethyl confirmed good reproducibility, with the possibility of being further developed as a disposable electrode. This sensor also displayed good selectivity in the presence of several interfering species such as diazinon, carbaryl, ascorbic acid, glucose, nitrite, sodium bicarbonate, and magnesium sulfate. For practical applications, this proposed sensor was employed for the determination of paraoxon-ethyl in real samples (fruits and vegetables) and showed no significant difference from the standard spectrophotometric technique. In conclusion, this proposed sensor might have a potential to be developed as a platform of electrochemical sensors for pesticide detection.

Facile synthesis of limeonia acidissima shell derived carbon-vanadium pentoxide nanocomposite for sensitive detection of carbofuran

Generating carbonaceous materials from agricultural waste is a sustainable and environmentally friendly method of producing activated carbon. In the current work, carbon is extracted using a tubular furnace from the shell of the wood apple (Limonia acidissima) V2O5 (C/VO) and synthesized carbon were combined to form a nanocomposite. The formation of nanocomposite is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and other morphological characterizations. Modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was done using synthesized materials (C@GCE, VO@GCE, and C/VO@GCE). The enzyme-free detection of carbofuran (CBF) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer was carried out using fabricated electrodes. Among the various electrode systems, C/VO@GCE demonstrated enhanced electrochemical performance for CBF detection using both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. V/C@GCE demonstrated its capacity to identify CBF within a 0.05–750 μM range, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.06 μM. Using DPV, the effect of several pesticides on CBF detection in the presence of C/V@GCE was assessed, and good anti-interfering properties were discovered. When the DPV approach was used to detect CBF in potatoes, the recovery rate ranged from 98.0 to 99.0 %. According to a stability study, C/V@GCE has an 80.8 % retention capacity and can detect CBF for up to 24 days. The promise of the constructed electrode towards sensor applications is indicated by the large linear range, low LOD, selectivity, and stability of C/V@GCE.

Biosynthesized AgNP Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as a Bacteria Sensor Based on Amperometry and Impedance-Based Detection

Biosynthesized AgNP Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as a Bacteria Sensor Based on Amperometry and Impedance-Based Detection

Sensing of Harmful Dyes in Food Particles Using Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Analysis

Azo-dyes, including Allura Red, Sunset Yellow (SY), Brilliant Blue, and Tartrazine (Tz), are commonly utilized as food coloring additives because of their affordability and durability. The dyes SY and Tz are widely employed within this dye group because of their comparable hues and frequent co-application in food items. Despite their beneficial industrial applications, these substances include a toxicity profile that poses risks, including the potential for undesirable consequences such as allergies, asthma, cancer, DNA damage, cytotoxicity, and nervousness. In light of these factors, employing susceptible, cost-effective, straightforward, and expeditious sensors to examine azo-hazardous dyes is imperative. Electrochemical nanosensors (ENS), which integrate the distinctive characteristics of electrochemistry with nanotechnology, are very advantageous devices that find extensive application in analyzing azo dyes. In this paper, the exterior of a Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) has been subjected to modification by the incorporation of calixarene (Cx) and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) to facilitate the improvement and integration of electrochemistry with nanotechnology. The sensing capability of the Modified GCE (MGCE) nanosensor with Cx and AuNP has been evaluated by the utilization of Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The study aimed to examine the impact of various factors to determine the optimal circumstances for obtaining the most favorable reaction from the target analytical substances. The signals of the chosen food dyes have been significantly improved when using the MGCE nanocomposite, which is attributed to the synergistic interaction between Cx and AuNP compared to the unmodified GCE. The sensor platform that was built also showed notable performance characteristics when utilized to detect food colors in food samples. Furthermore, the observed high percentage of recovery, consistent repeatability, and durability indicate the potential use of the developed electrochemical platform to examine actual samples.

Bioengineered Flagellin–TiO2 Nanoparticle-Based Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes as a Highly Selective Platform for the Determination of Diclofenac Sodium

This study describes the incorporation of bioengineered flagellin (4HIS) protein in conjunction with TiO2 anatase nanoparticles into a chitosan (Chit) polymeric matrix as a highly sensitive electrode modifier for the determination of diclofenac sodium (DS) in wastewater. Two types of electrodes were prepared using a simple drop-casting method. The inner structure of the obtained modified electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The electrochemical and electroanalytical parameters of DS oxidation at the nanostructured interface of the modified electrode were obtained via cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry. The analytical parameters for diclofenac electro-detection showed a 50% decrease in LOD and LOQ at Chit + TiO2 + 4HIS/GCE-modified electrode compared with the Chit + 4HIS/GCE-modified electrode. The obtained tools were successfully used for DS detection in drug tablets and wastewater samples. Thus, it was demonstrated that in the presence of a histidine-containing flagellin variant, the electrode has DS recognition capacity which increases in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles, and both induce excellent performances of the prepared tools, either in synthetic solution or in real samples.

Fabrication of 4-chlorophenol sensor via surface modification of glassy carbon electrode using Co-doped δ-MnO2 as electrocatalyst

Fabrication of 4-chlorophenol sensor via surface modification of glassy carbon electrode using Co-doped δ-MnO2 as electrocatalyst

Electrochemical Immunosensor in Combination with an Artificial Neural Network Study for Pathogenic Bacteria Detection using a Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Electrochemical Immunosensor in Combination with an Artificial Neural Network Study for Pathogenic Bacteria Detection using a Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Voltammetric Analysis of Thiram with Bimetallic Nanosensor and Investigation of Adsorption Mechanism by DFT-D3 Method

In this study, to detect thiram electrochemically, a simple nanosensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with green-synthesized Ag and Au nanoparticles was designed. AuNPs@AgNPs/GCE nanosensor gave considerably greater signal for 5 ppm thiram in pH 3.0 phosphate buffer solution using adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry compared to bare GCE. Under ideal conditions, the nanosensor produced a linear concentration calibration curve extending from 0.2 to 1.4 ppm for thiram, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.033 ppm and 0.100 ppm, respectively. The developed electrochemical bimetallic nanosensor demonstrated high sensitivity and stability, showing that it is a novel and promising platform for thiram determination. Furthermore, the nanosensor was used to assess thiram in human serum and recovery was obtained as 103.6%. DFT-D3 results showed that covalent modification of GCE with AuNPs/AgNPs occurs with the electron transfer between the electrode surface and thiram by bonding sulfur atoms of thiram to AgNPs and AuNPs. Both experimental and theoretical analyses showed that the modification with Ag and Au, GCE appeared to be a key property to improve the electronic activity at the surface and increase the charge transfer that facilitates the adsorption of the selected guest.

Electrochemical Detection of Metol through the Cobalt Nickel Oxide Nanosheets Incorporated with MCM-41 Nanospheres Composites Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

In this study, contaminations of metol (or Elon) in environmental water and industrial wastewater are the major causes of toxicity, which is very harmful to human health and other living things. Hence the determination of metol in high demand is more important. Further, the Mobil Composition of Matter (MCM-41) mesoporous silica nanoparticles incorporated with cobalt nickel oxide (CoNiO2) complex to form MCM-41/CoNiO2 composite modifying the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) used for metol detection. The MCM-41/CoNiO2 composite coated on the GCE surface exhibited fast electron transfer kinetics, improved conductivity, a large surface area, active stability, and improved catalytic efficiency. The structural morphology of the MCM-41/CoNiO2 composite was investigated using several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Here, the MCM-41/CoNiO2 composite was verified using different characterization studies such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, X-ray Diffraction Analysis, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Additionally, the electrochemical investigations have included Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Differential Pulse Voltammetry studies. The GCE/MCM-41/CoNiO2 electrode shows a low detection limit of 10 nM and the LOQ value is 0.1 μM with a broad linear response range of 0.1–750 μM, and greater sensitivity of 0.411 μA μM−1 cm−2 under optimal voltammetry.

Simultaneous Determination of Serotonin and Tryptamine Using Polyglutamic Acid-Silver Nanoparticles Composite Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Serotonin (ST), chemically 5-hydroxy tryptamine, is a neurotransmitter which mediates a series of central and peripheral functions in the human body and has a crucial role in gastrointestinal and psychiatric disorders. Tryptamine (Tryp) is also a neurotransmitter, mainly found in protein-rich foods, beverages and other fermented foods. The accumulation of higher concentrations of Tryp is harmful to human health. So, it is important to determine both ST and Tryp in our body. A polyglutamic acid (pGlu)-Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) composite film modified Glassy Carbon Electrode (pGlu-AgNPs/GCE) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of ST and Tryp. The incorporation of AgNPs with pGlu makes the sensor more efficient and reliable for the voltammetric sensing of ST and Tryp. Experimental parameters were optimised and, the sensor showed a linear concentration range for the determination of ST and Tryp from 1.00 × 10–5 M to 7.00 × 10–7 M and 1.00 × 10–5 M to 9.00 × 10–7 M, respectively. The electrooxidation of ST at pGlu-AgNPs/GCE was found to be diffusion controlled, whereas adsorption controlled electrooxidation was found for Tryp. The applicability of the sensor in determining ST and Tryp has been checked in artificial physiological fluids.

Lanthanum Sulfide Nanorods Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as Non-Enzymatic Biosensor for Xanthine

Xanthine detection is crucial for the diagnosis of metabolic disorders like xanthinuria and gout. Xanthinuria is due to xanthine stones in the urinary tract. Earlier detection of xanthine levels in human blood can minimize the risks. In this research, a non-enzymatic xanthine sensor is fabricated by depositing different concentrations of lanthanum sulfide nanoparticles on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Lanthanum sulfide (La2S3) nanorods are synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The effect of pH, scan rates, and xanthine concentration on the peak current is examined. La2S3-modified GCE shows good conductivity, a large surface area, fast electron transfer, and promising sensing capability for xanthine detection. The highest anodic peak for xanthine is observed at a 1 mV s−1 scan rate. The la2S3-based sensor exhibits a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.2 μM and xanthine recovery of up to 99.3%. The designed sensing system demonstrates the potential for xanthine detection in blood serum samples. The proposed sensor exhibits excellent efficiency due to fast electron transfer and good stability of La2S3 nanorods.