Mandatory Vaccination Policies Research Articles

The Compatibility of Mandatory Vaccination with the European Convention on Human Rights: Implications for a National Vaccination Policy.

This contribution examines the compatibility of mandatory vaccination with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) through an analysis of the relevant ECHR rights and related case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). By focusing on Article 8 (Right to Private Life), Article 2 (Right to Life) and Article 9 (Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion) ECHR, we formulate conditions under which mandatory vaccination legislation is justified. With that, this analysis aims to provide national legislators with guidance on responsible legislative policy. Additionally, this article discusses the legal framework underlying the Dutch vaccination policy, including developments therein since COVID-19. Furthermore, the role of the European Union in the context of vaccination is briefly discussed. The importance of an extensive societal and parliamentary debate before implementing a mandatory vaccination policy is stressed, as is the need for proportionality in enforcement.

Compulsory vaccination of children - medical and legal problems.

Regarding the vaccination of children, it can be said that there are basically three vaccination policies in the world, one of which is usually used in particular country depending on the national legislation. These are the mandatory vaccination policy, mandatory vaccination policy for school entry and recommended vaccination policy. The mandatory vaccination policy and the mandatory vaccination policy for school entry face obstacles consisting of conflicts between fundamental human rights and freedoms. This is, for example, a conflict between the right to health and the right to life on the one hand and the right to protect the inviolability of the person and body integrity or the right to personal freedom, freedom of movement, residence, etc., on the other. Another issue is the right to undisrupted school attendance, based on both compulsory schooling and the right to education. This article looks at different approaches to the vaccination of children in different countries. It provides an illustrative comparison of approaches to vaccination of children in selected countries. It is obvious that the essential problems with organizing and ensuring the vaccination of children are and will be associated with the indicated conflicts of fundamental human rights. It is therefore necessary to search and try to find the optimal policy for undergoing the necessary vaccinations and thereby creating herd immunity, of course for those infectious diseases where this is possible. These efforts are necessary for sufficiently effective protection of individual and public health.

Media actors as policy entrepreneurs: a case study of “No Jab, No Play” and “No Jab, No Pay” mandatory vaccination policies in Australia

The media’s central role in the policy process has long been recognised, with policy scholars noting the potential for news media to influence policy change. However, scholars have paid most attention to the news media as a conduit for the agendas, frames, and preferences of other policy actors. Recently, scholars have more closely examined media actors directly contributing to policy change. This paper presents a case study to argue that specific members of the media may display the additional skills and behaviours that characterise policy entrepreneurship. Our case study focuses on mandatory childhood vaccination in Australia, following the entrepreneurial actions of a deputy newspaper editor and her affiliated outlets. Mandatory childhood vaccination policies have grown in strength and number in recent years across the industrialised world in response to parents refusing to vaccinate their children. Australia’s federal and state governments have been at the forefront of meeting vaccine refusal with harsh consequences; our case study demonstrates how media actors conceived and advanced these policies. The experiences, skills, attributes, and strategies of Sunday Telegraph Deputy Editor Claire Harvey facilitated her policy entrepreneurship, utilising many classic hallmarks from the literature and additional opportunities offered by her media role. Harvey also subverted the classic pathway of entrepreneurship, mobilising the public ahead of policymakers to force the latter’s hand.

THE IMPACT OF MANDATORY COVID-19 VACCINATION POLICY IN INDONESIA: LEGAL AND BIOETHICS PERSPECTIVES

The Indonesian government has made significant efforts to provide vaccines as a solution to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. However, while some individuals have received the vaccine, others have refused due to fear and doubts about its safety and halal status. The implementation of a policy mandating COVID-19 vaccination by the government has both advantages and disadvantages. According to the policy, individuals who refuse to vaccinate will face administrative and criminal sanctions. Therefore, this research aims to provide a summary of the mandatory COVID-19 immunization policy, particularly in Indonesia, from both a legal and bioethical perspective. A legal approach and normative bioethical principles were used to analyze applicable legal norms and bioethical principles, utilizing literature research. Legal materials included Law Number 4 of 1984 concerning Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases, Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health, Article 28H of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and Article 34 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution. Meanwhile, the source of bioethical data used was the Universal Declaration of Bioethical and Human Rights. Instead of implementing a mandatory vaccination policy containing elements of criminal sanctions, the government should actively engage with the community and analyze why there are still doubts regarding COVID-19 vaccination. This would be a more effective and humane strategy for providing health protection. A mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policy should be based on a comprehensive strategy and ongoing efforts, taking into account legal and bioethical aspects.

Medical exemptions to mandatory vaccinations: The state of play in Australia and a pressure point to watch.

Australia's mandatory vaccination policies have historically allowed for non-medical exemptions (NMEs), but this changed in 2016 when the Federal Government discontinued NMEs for childhood vaccination requirements. Australian states introduced further mandatory vaccination policies during the COVID-19 pandemic for a range of occupations including healthcare workers (HCWs). There is global evidence to suggest that medical exemptions (MEs) increase following the discontinuation of NMEs; the new swathe of COVID-19 mandatory vaccination policies likely also placed further pressure on ME systems in many jurisdictions. This paper examines the state of play of mandatory vaccination and ME policies in Australia by outlining the structure and operation of these policies for childhood vaccines, then for COVID-19, with a case study of HCW mandates. Next, the paper explores HCWs' experiences in providing vaccine exemptions to patients (and MEs in particular). Finally, the paper synthesizes existing literature and reflects on the challenges of MEs as a pressure point for people who do not want to vaccinate and for the clinicians who care for them, proposing areas for future research and action.

COVID-19 and Japanese Encephalitis Vaccination: Occurrence of Disease in Area with and without Mandatory Vaccination Policies

COVID-19 and Japanese Encephalitis Vaccination: Occurrence of Disease in Area with and without Mandatory Vaccination Policies

The Impact of Mandatory Vaccination Policies on Covid-19 Immunization Rates: An Analysis of Law Efficiency

The Impact of Mandatory Vaccination Policies on Covid-19 Immunization Rates: An Analysis of Law Efficiency

Public Attitudes Towards Vaccine Passports in Alberta During the "Pandemic of the Unvaccinated": A Qualitative Analysis of Reddit Posts.

Objective: The goal of this study is to understand the attitudes and beliefs towards mandatory vaccination policies in Alberta, Canada in September 2021, during the fourth wave of COVID-19. Methods: 9400 posts between 1st September and 30th September 2021 were collected from the subreddit r/Alberta with Pushshift.io. Posts and comments were manually screened to determine their relevance to research objectives, and then coded using inductive coding and iterative qualitative analysis methods. Results: Inductive coding methods yielded five key themes: 1) opinions related to autonomy and consent, 2) concerns about COVID-19 vaccine passport enforcement, 3) concerns about government, 4) concerns about the logistics of passports, and 5) opinions relating to the necessity of passports to prevent lockdowns. Conclusion: Overall, the data presented favorable opinions towards an Albertan vaccine passport within r/Alberta. Anti-vaccine and anti-mandate opinions were often less extreme than those present in the literature, although this may be due to r/Alberta subreddit moderators removing those more extreme comments. Most reservations were due to issues of bodily autonomy, though concerns about the government and logistics also played a meaningful role.

Vaccine Mandates and Cultural Safety.

The issues and problems of mandatory vaccination policy and roll out in First Nations communities are unique and do not concern the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. These issues are also independent of more specific arguments of mandatory vaccination of healthcare workers as a condition of employment. As important as these issues are, they do not consider the complex politics of ongoing settler colonialism and First Nations community relations. In this paper, we also set aside the very real problems of disinformation, hesitancy, scientific and health illiteracy, and other concerns that drive vaccine hesitancy and refusal. These affect all communities, including First Nations communities. We, instead describe the dominant arguments in favour of mandatory vaccination and critique them in terms of the disputed legitimacy of Settler-Colonial decision-making as it impacts First Nations communities. We contend cultural responsiveness and safety-not state compulsion-must remain the first principles of any engagement-including vaccination-with First Nations Peoples, families, and communities.

COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates and Vaccine Hesitancy among Black People in Canada.

COVID-19 vaccine mandates increased vaccination rates globally. Implemented as a one-size-fits-all policy, these mandates have unintended harmful consequences for many, including Black Canadians. This article reports findings on the interconnectedness of vaccine mandates and vaccine hesitancy by describing a range of responses to mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policies among Black people in Canada. Using qualitative research methods, semi-structured interviews with 36 Black people living in Canada aged 18 years and over across 6 provinces in Canada were conducted. Participants were selected across intersectional categories including migration status, income, religion, education, sex, and Black ethnicity. Thematic analysis informed the identification of key themes using Foucauldian notions of biopower and governmentality. Our results show how the power relations present in the ways many Black people actualize vaccine intentions. Two main themes were identified: acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in the context of governmentality and resistance to vaccine mandates driven by oppression, mistrust, and religion. COVID-19 vaccine mandates may have reinforced mistrust of the government and decreased confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine. Policy makers need to consider non-discriminatory public health policies and monitor how these policies are implemented over time and across multiple sectors to better understand vaccine hesitancy.

Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers in an Algerian University Teaching Hospital: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe global COVID-19 pandemic has deeply impacted health systems, emphasizing the need for effective vaccination campaigns. However, vaccine hesitancy, particularly among healthcare workers, challenges achieving comprehensive immunization coverage. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among healthcare workers at an Algerian University Teaching Hospital. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted at the University Teaching Hospital of Oran, Algeria, from February 17 to April 11, 2022. We investigated factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake among 196 hospital staff members, including 98 physicians and 98 nurses. Factors independently associated with vaccination were identified using a multivariable logistic regression analysis, and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were provided. ResultsThe COVID-19 vaccination rate among HCWs was 32.1%. Several factors were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccination in the multivariable analysis. These include the belief that even healthy individuals should be vaccinated against COVID-19 (aOR = 3.13; 95% CI: 1.13–8.63), the perception that comprehensive vaccination coverage against COVID-19 could support the healthcare system in future epidemics (aOR = 4.15; 95% CI: 1.68–10.23), endorsement of mandatory COVID-19 vaccination (aOR = 4.37; 95% CI: 1.42–13.45), and adherence to all recommended vaccines for HCWs or compliance with the recommended immunization schedules for their children (aOR = 4.75; 95% CI: 1.47–15.36). ConclusionThis study highlights key beliefs influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among healthcare workers, including the necessity of vaccinating healthy individuals, the perceived importance of comprehensive vaccination in supporting the healthcare system during future epidemics, agreement with mandatory vaccination policies, and adherence to recommended vaccine schedules.

Rubella Vaccine Uptake among Women of Childbearing Age in Healthcare Settings.

Rubella is a contagious viral infection that occurs most often in children and young adults. Rubella is the leading vaccine-preventable cause of birth defects. Rubella infection in pregnant women may cause fetal death or congenital defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. There is no specific treatment for rubella, but the disease is preventable by vaccination with an efficacy of over 95%. Vaccination coverage is still below the recommended levels and many cases have occurred worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the immunization programs and the quality of disease surveillance worldwide. Operators of the healthcare setting are at increased risk of infection due to their work duties and should receive preventive vaccination or serologic protection to work in a healthcare setting. To evaluate the serological evidence of rubella IgG antibodies in female healthcare operators of childbearing age, to assess the risk of a breakthrough infection and the need for an additional dose of vaccine. We collected age and antibody titers from 449 young female operators aged <50 years who underwent the periodic surveillance at the Occupational Medicine Unit of the Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, from January to July 2022. Subjects were considered immune if the anti-rubella IgG titer was >11.00 IU/mL. The rate of serologically unprotected subjects was 9.13% (41/449). The mean age of protected subjects was 26.93 years, while the mean age of unprotected subjects was 28.24 years. Age did not correlate with mean titer on statistical analysis (p = 0.10). The acceptance rate among unprotected operators was 31.7%. A positive attitude towards vaccination was found in 11/28 (39.3%) of the unvaccinated subjects, while a negative tendency was found in 2/28 (7.1%) of these subjects; most of the unvaccinated operators 15/28 (53.6%) prefer to postpone the administration of the vaccine. When compared with a similar population from the pre-pandemic period, the actual proportion of immune female subjects was not significantly different from that found in 2019 (90.87% vs. 90.3%). Protection against rubella was suboptimal among female healthcare workers of childbearing age. Acceptance of the rubella vaccine among these operators was low. Most of those who were hesitant intended to postpone the vaccination, while a minority had negative attitudes toward vaccination. A policy of mandatory vaccination policy should overcome the reluctance of operators.

Vaccine conspiracy association with higher COVID-19 vaccination side effects and negative attitude towards booster COVID-19, influenza and monkeypox vaccines: A pilot study in Saudi Universities

ABSTRACT Conspiracies regarding vaccines are widely prevalent, with negative consequences on health-seeking behaviors. The current study aimed to investigate the possible association between the embrace of vaccine conspiracies and the attitude to booster COVID-19, seasonal influenza, and monkeypox (mpox) vaccinations as well as the perceived side effects following COVID-19 vaccination. The target population involved academic staff and university students in health colleges in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed in January 2023 to collect data on participants’ demographics, self-reported side effects following each dose, willingness to get booster COVID-19, seasonal influenza, and mpox vaccinations, as well as an evaluation of vaccine conspiracies and attitude to mandatory vaccination. Among the 273 participants, the willingness to receive yearly booster COVID-19 vaccination was observed among 26.0% of the participants, while it was 46.9% and 34.1% for seasonal influenza and mpox vaccinations, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analyses demonstrated a significant correlation between endorsing vaccine conspiracies and higher frequency of self-reported side effects following uptake of the second and third doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine conspiracies were also correlated with attitude toward booster COVID-19, influenza, mpox, and mandatory vaccination. The findings of this pilot study highlighted the potential adverse impact of the preexisting notions and negative attitudes toward vaccines, which could have contributed to heightened perceived side effects following COVID-19 vaccination. The study also highlighted the ongoing divisions concerning mandatory vaccination policies, emphasizing the need for cautious implementation of this strategy as a last resort for public health benefit.

A comparative study on the mandatory variation of COVID-19 vaccination policies

Abstract Background Reflection on COVID-19 vaccine policies is critical to understand their effectiveness. Joint level vaccine mandates encouraged by the EU were not adopted by member states, leading to a multitude of vaccine policies that varied in their mandatory nature. We hypothesised that highly mandatory vaccine policies would result in high vaccine uptake &amp; low mandatory polices would result in the opposite, &amp; that differences between countries would impact policy implementation &amp; effectiveness. Methods The mandatory vaccine framework was used to evaluate the mandatory nature of case study countries’ COVID-19 vaccine policies from 2020-23. France, Italy, Sweden, Poland, &amp; Romania were chosen to represent a cross-section of economies, health systems, political histories, &amp; COVID-19 experiences. Data was sourced from the ECDC's COVID-19 Data Tracker, government documents, media reports, &amp; peer reviewed studies. Results Highly mandatory vaccine policies lead to higher overall vaccine uptake, as found in France 92.3% &amp; Italy 89.8%. However, highly mandatory policies may cause social disruption &amp; increase mistrust in vaccinations &amp; governments, as seen in France. Moderate to low mandatory policies had mixed results. Romania &amp; Poland had low vaccine uptake below the EU average. Additionally, low mandatory policies risk higher death &amp; case rates &amp; did not increase social acceptance of vaccination or avoid vaccine related social disruption, as seen in Poland. Sweden presents contrasting findings, reporting vaccine uptake of 86.2%, 13.1% above EU average despite their low mandatory policies, contradicting the hypothesis. Conclusions The research provides insights into vaccine policy decision making under the pressure of pandemic conditions, &amp; the potential consequences of implementing various severity &amp; enforcement levels within vaccine policies. The study demonstrates the need to develop pandemic vaccine framework to aid policymakers during disease crises. Key messages • The research highlights that it is essential that policy makers adopt cultural and health system appropriate vaccination policies for the populations they are targeting to vaccinate. • The variation of vaccine uptake between member states also stresses the importance for the EU to take a more central role in health policy.

Organisational and Structural Drivers of Childhood Immunisation in the European Region

Abstract Background Evaluating the immunisation program is vital to identify the inherent factors that impact the achievement of the intended countrywide vaccine coverage rates (VCRs). However, despite the implementation of widespread vaccination programs, the European Health Systems continue to experience care challenges attributable to organizational and structural issues. This study aimed to review the available data on aspects within the organizational and structural domains that might impact vaccination coverage. Results This systematic review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched a comprehensive range of databases from 1 January 2007 to 6 July 2021 for studies that reported quantitative or qualitative research on interventions to raise childhood vaccine coverage. Outcome assessments comprised organizational and structural factors that contribute to vaccine concerns among pediatric parents, as well as data reported influencing the willingness to vaccinate. To analyze the risk of bias, the Ottawa, JBI's (Joanna Briggs Institute) critical appraisal tool, and Amstar quality assessment were used accordingly. The inclusion criteria were met by 205 studies across 21 articles. The majority of the studies were conducted in the United Kingdom (6), the European Union (3), and Italy (3). Conclusions A range of interventions studied in primary health care settings have been revealed to improve vaccination coverage rates including parental engagement and personalization, mandatory vaccination policies, vaccine program redesign, vaccine supply chain design, administering multiple/combination vaccines, improved vaccination timing and intervals, parental education and reminders, surveillance tool and Supplemental Immunisation Activity (SIA), and child health information model. Key messages • Maintaining high vaccine uptake rates is critical to the success of any vaccination program and the improvement of children’s health. • Parents and the general public must be actively engaged by health planners and specialists, and process mechanisms must be implemented to guarantee that children receive primary prevention.

Comparison, by Country, of the Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccination by Health Care Workers in the EU/EEA

Abstract Health Care Workers (HCWs) are at high risk of exposure to COVID-19 when providing care to patients. We investigated the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination among HCWs in the EU/EEA and discuss the factors which influence this uptake.- The aim of this study was to compare, by country, COVID-19 vaccination uptake by HCWs from January to June 2021, to assist with policy making and prospective planning in these countries during the current pandemic and into the future. The study population included all the countries in the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA). The secondary data file was downloaded from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) website Descriptive and comparative data were analysed and presented using Excel and Chi-square test of hypothesis. The percentage of HCWs in EU/EEA countries ranged from 1.2% to 5.1% per population. From January to June 2021, the percentage of first and second dose vaccinations of HCWs ranged from 20% to 100% and from 21% to 100%, respectively. The Comirnaty-Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine (COM) was the most administered vaccine in all EU/EEA countries, followed by the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine (MOD) and the Astra-Zeneca-Vaxzevria vaccine (AZ). The Janssen-Ad26.COV 2.5 vaccine (Janss) use ranged from 0.1% to 4.8% for the one dose vaccine. Hungary was the only country that administered the Sputnik V vaccine (SPU) and the Beijing CNBG vaccine (BECNBG). In January 2021, a median of 29% of HCWs received their first dose of COVID-19 vaccination. Italy was the only country with a mandatory vaccination policy for HCWs. Vaccination uptake rates were statistically different among EU countries (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Data such as these could be used in mathematical modelling potential future pandemics to predict vaccine up-take by selected, exposed, vulnerable sectors of the population, for whom it is relevant. Key messages • Vaccine hesitancy in healthcare workers. • Planning for the next pandemic.

Influences of COVID-19 vaccination policy on students' vaccine acceptance.

Higher education institutions (HEIs) developed and implemented a mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policy to facilitate vaccine acceptance and vaccination among universities' staff and students. However, little is known about influences of the mandatory vaccination policy on health science students at a university and they tend to result in vaccine hesitancy. To explore the influences of the mandatory COVID-19 vaccine policy on health sciences students' vaccine acceptance at HEIs in South Africa. The study was conducted in one of the universities in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. An interpretive qualitative exploratory-descriptive research was conducted with 10 participants who were selected using the purposive sampling method to participate in semi-structured interviews. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Two themes and 12 sub-themes were identified during the data analysis, namely individual and group influencing factors, as well as contextual influencing factors. This study revealed that the COVID-19 vaccination mandatory policy influenced the students' quality of life, academic performance and well-being. The findings from this study indicate that there were perceived barriers related to personal and contextual influencing factors than benefits of COVID-19 vaccination. The understanding of and insight into the influences of the mandatory vaccination policy provided a basis for further strategies that may be developed to address COVID-19 vaccine infodemic, vaccine hesitancy and its risk effects. This can be done through collaboration with different stakeholders to educate health science students about the perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination.

Comparison, by Country, of the Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccination by Health Care Workers in the EU/EEA, January – June 2021

Aims: The aim of this study was to compare, by country, COVID-19 vaccination uptake by Health Care Workers (HCWs) from January to June 2021, to assist with policy making and prospective planning in these countries during the COVID-19 pandemic and into the future. Background: Health Care Workers (HCWs) are at high risk of exposure to COVID-19 when providing care to patients. We investigated the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination among HCWs in the EU/EEA and discussed the factors which influence this uptake. Methods: The study population included all the countries in the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA). The secondary data file was downloaded from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) website. Descriptive and comparative data were analysed and presented using Excel and Chi-square test of hypothesis. Results: The proportion of HCWs in EU/EEA countries ranged from 1.2% to 5.1% per population. From January to June 2021, the proportion of first and second dose vaccinations of HCWs ranged from 20% to 100% and from 21% to 100%, respectively. The Comirnaty–Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine (COM) was the most administered vaccine in all EU/EEA countries, followed by the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine (MOD) and the Astra-Zeneca–Vaxzevria vaccine (AZ). In January 2021, a median of 29% of HCWs received their first dose of COVID-19 vaccination. Italy was the only country with a mandatory vaccination policy for HCWs. Vaccination uptake rates were statistically different among EU countries (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Data such as these could be used in mathematical modelling potential future pandemics to predict vaccine up-take by selected, exposed, vulnerable sectors of the population, for whom it is relevant.

Dark side of the principles of non-discrimination and proportionality: the case of mandatory vaccination

Deciding the conflict between various rights and interests, especially in medical ethics where health and lives are in question, has significant challenges, and to obtain appropriate outcomes, it is necessary...

Mandatory Vaccination against COVID-19: Qualitative Analysis of Responses to Open-Ended Questions

The mandatory COVID-19 vaccination has been suggested as a strategy to increase vaccination uptake; however, there are doubts about its legitimacy as a measure. This study aimed to explore in depth the opinions of the Cypriot population regarding mandatory vaccination against COVID-19. Qualitative analysis of responses to an open-ended question was included as part of an anonymous, online, cross-sectional survey of the general population of Cyprus. A thematic analysis was performed by reading the responses and developing a coding frame. Descriptive analysis was performed on the sociodemographic and COVID-19-vaccine-related information. A total of 311 participants responded to the open-ended question, and the thematic analysis yielded two main themes: “Vaccination Perceptions and Challenges” and “Mandatory Vaccination Policies and Societal Impact.” Within these themes, participants expressed diverse opinions on universal and targeted mandatory vaccination, highlighting concerns about insufficient research, gaps in communication, and potential side effects. Views also varied on topics such as protective measures, interdisciplinary collaboration, vaccine side effects, human rights, and societal divisions. Criticisms encompassed political motives, skepticism towards the pandemic, and considerations of individual freedoms. In summary, the findings highlighted the intricate and varied perspectives surrounding the issue of mandatory COVID-19 vaccination, which can be valuable for policymakers and public health officials in designing targeted vaccination strategies. To optimize vaccination programs, policymakers and public health officials should prioritize trust, communication, and individual autonomy.